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Views Rubens's Saint Teresa of Avila Interceding for the Souls in Purgatory (Antwerp, Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten) as an attempt by Portuguese merchants suspected of Judaizing to convince critics of their devotion to Catholicism. Comments on the patronage of Dutch artists by merchant families from Portugal as reflected in altarpieces commissioned for newly constructed or renovated churches. Discusses the iconography of other pictorial representations of the saint.

patrons [philanthropists] --- Teresa of Avila --- Rubens, Peter Paul