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Authoritarianism --- China --- History --- Politics and government

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Constitutional history --- Authoritarianism --- Austria --- Politics and government

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Totalitarianism, the political nightmare of the twentieth century, haunts all contemporary discussion about the right relation between politics and culture. In revisiting totalitarianism, Michael Halberstam's project is to surface hidden fault lines separating competing philosophical approaches to this debate. He succeeds in exposing otherwise incomprehensible differences between liberalism and its critics on the left and the right. Halberstam argues that neither liberalism nor totalitarianism can be understood without the other. Liberalism reflects the modern conception of politics: a vision of society as a human construct answering to an unprecedented valorization of freedom. The liberal attempt to emancipate politics from culture, however, risks a loss of shared meaning that totalitarianism promises to repair. The author thus reveals how the idea of totalitarianism embodies truths and contradictions about liberalism itself. The philosophical heart of the book is a critical development of Immanuel Kant's theory of reflective, aesthetic judgment, exposing the limits of reason and taking up what Hannah Arendt's unfinished work suggests. This rich study in the history of modern political thought from Hobbes through Marx and to the present, culminates with a new and surprising interpretation of Arendt's theory of totalitarianism.

Totalitarianism. --- Totalitarian state --- Authoritarianism --- Collectivism --- Despotism --- Dictatorship --- Fascism --- National socialism --- Totalitarianism

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Totalitarianism --- Totalitarianism. --- Totalitarian state --- Dictatorship --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Political systems --- Authoritarianism --- Collectivism --- Despotism --- Fascism --- National socialism

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For almost forty years Syria has been ruled by a populist authoritarian regime under the Ba'th Party, led since 1970 by President Hafiz al-Asad. The durability and resilience of this regime is a striking contrast to the instability and intense social conflict that preceded the Bath's seizure of power, when Syria was seen as among the least stable of Arab states. This dramatic transition raises questions about how the Ba'th succeeded in constructing the institutions needed to consolidate a radically populist and authoritarian system of rule. The Ba'th's accomplishment also poses a significant theoretical challenge to the widely held view that populist strategies of state building are inherently unstable.Drawing on evidence from Syrian, American, and British archives as well as from published French and Arabic sources, Steven Heydemann explains the capacity of the Ba'th to overcome the obstacles that typically undermine the consolidation of radical populist regimes. He links the Ba'th's adoption of a radical populist strategy of state building, and its capacity to implement this strategy, to the dynamics of social conflict, state expansion, and structural change in the political economy of post-independence Syria. Arguing that conventional accounts of Syrian politics neglect the centrality of institutions and institutional change, Heydemann shows how shifts in the pattern of state intervention after 1946 transformed Syria's political arena.

Geschichte 1946-1970 --- Autoritärer Staat --- Sociale conflicten --- Politieke stabiliteit --- Politics and government --- Economic history. --- Populisme --- Autoritarisme --- Populism. --- Authoritarianism. --- Syria --- Economic conditions