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Illicit work, social security fraud, economic crime and other shadow economy activities are fast becoming an international problem. Friedrich Schneider and Dominik H. Enste use currency demand, physical input (electricity) method, and the model approach to estimate the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition and OECD-countries. They argue that during the 1990s the average size of a shadow economy varied from 12 per cent of GDP for OECD, to 23 per cent for transition and to 39% for developing countries. They examine the causes and consequences of this development using an integrated approach explaining deviant behaviour, which combines the findings of economic, sociological and psychological research. The authors suggest that increasing taxation, social security contributions, rising state regulatory activities and the decline of the tax morale, are all driving forces behind this growth, especially in OECD-countries. They propose a reform of state institutions to improve the dynamics of the official economy.

Economic structure --- economie souterraine --- fraude --- criminalite --- situation economique --- AA / International- internationaal --- 336.208 --- 343.35 --- Informal sector (Economics) --- 330 --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Artisans --- Economics --- Small business --- ondergrondse economie --- criminaliteit --- economische toestand --- Grondslag, vereffening, inning en controle van de belastingen. Fiscale fraude. Zwartwerk. Parallelle economie. --- Misdrijven tegen de openbare administratie, de belasting- en administratieve wetgeving. --- Commercial crimes. --- Informal sector (Economics). --- Business enterprises --- Commercial crimes --- Tax evasion --- Illegal aliens --- Welfare fraud --- Fraud --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Industrial Management --- Corrupt practices --- Business, Economy and Management --- Tax evasion. --- Illegal aliens. --- Welfare fraud. --- Fraud. --- Corrupt practices. --- Commercial fraud --- Deceit --- Misrepresentation (Crime) --- Aliens --- Aliens, Illegal --- Illegal immigrants --- Illegal immigration --- Undocumented aliens --- Evasion, Fiscal --- Fiscal evasion --- Tax avoidance --- Tax delinquency --- Tax-dodging --- Tax fraud --- Taxation --- Taxation, Evasion of --- Corporate crime --- Crimes, Financial --- Financial crimes --- Offenses affecting the public trade --- Business organizations --- Businesses --- Companies --- Enterprises --- Firms --- Organizations, Business --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Evasion --- Deception --- Torts --- Hoaxes --- Impostors and imposture --- Public welfare --- Swindlers and swindling --- Alien detention centers --- Human smuggling --- White collar crimes --- Crime --- Business --- E-books --- Grondslag, vereffening, inning en controle van de belastingen. Fiscale fraude. Zwartwerk. Parallelle economie --- Misdrijven tegen de openbare administratie, de belasting- en administratieve wetgeving --- Undocumented immigrants. --- Undocumented immigrants --- Noncitizens. --- Enemy aliens --- Expatriates --- Foreign population --- Foreign residents --- Foreigners --- Non-citizens --- Noncitizens --- Resident aliens --- Unauthorized immigrants --- Unnaturalized foreign residents --- Persons --- Illegal immigration. --- Undocumented Immigrants --- Children of illegal aliens --- Illegal alien children --- Irregular migration --- Unauthorized immigration --- Undocumented immigration --- Women illegal aliens --- Emigration and immigration --- Noncitizen detention centers

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Zonder onderwerpscode: economie