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Public finance --- Fiscal policy. --- Finance, Public. --- Risk. --- Economics --- Uncertainty --- Probabilities --- Profit --- Risk-return relationships --- Cameralistics --- Public finances --- Currency question --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Government policy

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This chapter has set out in detail the models which are employed below in order to analyse the labour market effects of changes in tax rates and in alterations in the tax structure. The fundamental mechanisms underlying the different approaches have been pointed out. Moreover, vital assumptions have been emphasised. By delineating the models which are used for the subsequent analyses, implicitly statements have also been made about topics or aspects which this study does not cover. For example, all workers and firms are identical ex­ ante. However, ex-post differences are allowed for, inter alia, if unemploy­ ment occurs or if some firms have to close down. These restrictions indicate areas of future research insofar as that the findings for homogeneous workers or firms yield an unambiguous proposal for changes in tax rates or the tax structure in order to promote employment. This is because it would be desir­ able for tax policy to know whether the predicted effects also hold in a world with ex-ante heterogeneity. Furthermore, the product market has not played a role. Therefore, repercussions from labour markets outcomes on product demand - and vice versa - are absent. 55 Moreover, neither the process of capital accumulation, be it physical or human capital, nor substitution pos­ sibilities between labour and capital in the firms' production function are taken into account. Finally, international competition is not modelled.

Collective bargaining --- Labor supply --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Mathematical models. --- Effect of taxation on --- Taxation --- Efficiency wage theory --- Public finance. --- Labor economics. --- Microeconomics. --- Public Economics. --- Labor Economics. --- Price theory --- Economics --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Public finances --- Currency question

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Quantile regression has emerged as an essential statistical tool of contemporary empirical economics and biostatistics. Complementing classical least squares regression methods which are designed to estimate conditional mean models, quantile regression provides an ensemble of techniques for estimating families of conditional quantile models, thus offering a more complete view of the stochastic relationship among variables. This volume collects 12 outstanding empirical contributions in economics and offers an indispensable introduction to interpretation, implementation, and inference aspects of quantile regression.

Distribution (Probability theory) --- Economics --- Regression analysis. --- Statistical methods. --- Quantitative methods (economics) --- Mathematical statistics --- Econometrics. --- Labor economics. --- Public finance. --- Statistics . --- Labor Economics. --- Public Economics. --- Statistics for Business, Management, Economics, Finance, Insurance. --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Mathematics --- Econometrics --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Public finances --- Currency question --- Economics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Economics - Statistical methods.

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Finance, Public --- -Taxation --- -Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Revenue --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Currency question --- History --- Munster in Westfalen (Germany) --- -History --- Taxation --- Münster in Westfalen (Germany) --- Duties --- Münster in Westfalen (Germany) --- Münster (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) --- Mimigernaford (Germany) --- Public finances --- Monasterium (Germany) --- Muenster (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) --- Munistri (Germany)

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Our small book presents areport which has been prepared in the year 2000 for the Taxation and Custorns Union Directorate General of the European Commission, under contract no. T AXUD / 00 / 312. Some of the results form part of the report "Company Taxation in the Internal Market" of the Commission Services released in autumn 2001. We present estimates of effective average tax rates (EATR) in five EU Member States (France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and the UK) plus the USA based on the European Tax Analyzer approach. The European Tax Analyzer is a computer based model firm approach for the computation and comparison of international company tax burdens. It has been developed in co-operation with the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW). We would like to thank the ZEW for this co-operation. Furthermore, we gratefully acknowledge the help and advice of Gerd Gutekunst, Rieo A. Hermann and Thorsten Stetter in preparing the report. Special mention must be made of Gerd Gutekunst, who was also responsible for preparing the printed version of this report.

Tax incidence --- EEC / European Union - EU -Europese Unie - Union Européenne - UE --- 336.204 --- weerslag, invloed, last en verdeling van de belasting. --- Tax accounting. --- Tax laws. --- Public finance. --- Business Taxation/Tax Law. --- Public Economics. --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Public finances --- Currency question --- Tax laws --- Tax legislation --- Tax regulations --- Taxation --- Finance, Public --- Law --- Accounting --- weerslag, invloed, last en verdeling van de belasting --- Tax incidence - European Union countries. --- Tax incidence - United States.