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Computer literacy

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Vietnam's social welfare programs do not adequately protect and promote the poor. Increased spending, with better coverage and targeting, could help poor and vulnerable households. How does Vietnam's public safety net affect outcomes for the poor? Although social welfare programs in Vietnam are centrally mandated, they are locally implemented according to local norms and local poverty standards and often rely heavily on local financing. Van de Walle examines the coverage, incidence, and horizontal equity of the programs that can be identified in the data from the Vietnam Living Standards Survey. She looks at the role of location in determining whether the poor are assisted nationally. And she explores dynamic incidence between 1993 and 1998 and the degree to which programs performed a safety net function. The author's analysis shows that coverage and payments to households are low and have had a negligible impact on poverty. In principle, better targeting could improve the impact of current outlays. The analysis also shows that the system was ineffective in protecting households that were vulnerable to shocks. Finally, the results suggest that although there is a greater concentration of poverty-related programs and greater household participation in poorer communes, the system spends more (absolutely and relatively) on the poor in richer communes. This paper-a product of Public Services, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to improve the delivery and effectiveness of social protection programs. The author may be contacted at dvandewalle@worldbank.org.

Financial literacy. --- Social welfare.

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Literacy programs --- Business and education

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For some decades, world-wide, there have been national initiatives toimprove literacy rates and standards. During the same period,concentrated research studies have been undertaken to find out howbest to achieve the desired improvements. Two main thrusts inteaching and learning how to read and write have emerged, often incontroversy. One is generally known as the 'whole language'approach and the other concentrates more on instruction in phonics.What works? This paper focuses on the theoretical assumptionsunderlying these two approaches to the teaching of literacy, and thestudies which have bee

Literacy. --- Education, Special Topics --- Education --- Social Sciences

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Poor children --- Literacy --- Education --- International cooperation.