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In 1830, the dominant social outlook of the early Victorians was a paternalism that looked to property, the Church, and local Justices of the Peace to govern society and deal with its ills. By 1860, however, the dominant social outlook had become a vision of a laissez faire society that relied on economic laws, self-reliance, and the vigorous philanthropy of voluntary societies. This book describes and analyzes these changes, which arose from the rapid growth of industry, towns, population, and the middle and working classes. Paternalism did not entirely fade away, however, just as a laissez faire vision had long antedated 1830. Both were part of a social conscience also defined by a revived philanthropy, a new humanitarianism, and a grudging acceptance of an expanded government, all of which reflected a strong revival of religion as well as the growth of rationalism. The new dominance of a laissez faire vision was dramatically evident in the triumph of political economy. By 1860, only a few doubted the eternal verities of the economists’ voluminous writings. Few also doubted the verities of those who preached self-reliance, who supported the New Poor Law’s severity to persons who were not self-reliant, and who inspired education measures to promote that indispensable virtue. If economic laws and self-reliance failed to prevent distress, the philanthropists and voluntary societies would step in. Such a vision proved far more buoyant and effective than a paternalism whose narrow and rural Anglican base made it unable to cope with the downside of an industrial-urban Britain. But the vision of a laissez faire society was not without its flaws. Its harmonious economic laws and its hope in self-reliance did not prevent gross exploitation and acute distress, and however beneficent were its philanthropists, they fell far short of mitigating these evils. This vision also found a rival in an expanded government. Two powerful ideas—the idea of a paternal government and the idea of a utilitarian state—helped create the expansion of government services. A reluctant belief in governmental power thus joined the many other ideas that defined the Victorian’s social conscience.

Paternalism --- Charities --- Social Conditions --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Alms and almsgiving --- Benevolent institutions --- Charitable institutions --- Endowed charities --- Institutions, Charitable and philanthropic --- Philanthropy --- Poor relief --- Private nonprofit social work --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Poor --- Social service --- Endowments --- Parentalism --- Social classes --- Social control --- Social systems --- History --- Societies, etc. --- Services for --- Great Britain --- Social policy

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Are the forces of habit and democratic decision-making so strong that outcomes are judged as legitimate whatever they are? This study examines whether the public's consent to welfare state solidarity and its choices of justice principles are related to the specifics of welfare state regimes.

Welfare state --- Social policy --- Public welfare --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- National planning --- State planning --- Economic policy --- Family policy --- Social history --- State, Welfare --- State, The --- Welfare economics --- Public opinion --- Government policy

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Public welfare --- Welfare state --- Aide sociale --- Etat providence --- Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- Social policy --- Politique sociale --- -Welfare state --- #SBIB:023.IO --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- #SBIB:35H437 --- State, Welfare --- Economic policy --- State, The --- Welfare economics --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- Beleidssectoren: sociale zekerheid --- Government policy

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This is the first comprehensive analysis of public and private welfare in France available in English, or French, which offers a deeply-researched explanation of how France's welfare state came to be and why the French are so attached to it. The author argues that France simultaneously pursued two different paths toward universal social protection. Family welfare embraced an industrial model in which class distinctions and employer control predominated. By contrast, protection against the risks of illness, disability, maternity, and old age followed a mutual aid model of welfare. The book examines a remarkably broad cast of actors that includes workers' unions, employers, mutual leaders, the parliamentary elite, haut fonctionnaires, doctors, pronatalists, women's organizations - both social Catholic and feminist - and diverse peasant organisations. It also traces foreign influences on French social reform, particularly from Germany's former territories in Alsace-Lorraine and Britain's Beveridge Plan.

Social security --- Public welfare --- Social problems --- Welfare state. --- State, Welfare --- Economic policy --- Social policy --- State, The --- Welfare economics --- Reform, Social --- Social reform --- Social welfare --- Social history --- Applied sociology --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- History. --- Government policy --- France --- Social policy. --- Arts and Humanities --- History --- Welfare state --- Sécurité sociale --- Aide sociale --- Problèmes sociaux --- Etat providence --- Histoire --- Politique sociale

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Social policy --- Public welfare --- Great Britain --- United States --- #SBIB:316.8H00 --- #SBIB:316.8H40 --- #SBIB:35H437 --- #SBIB:35H6014 --- armoede --- economische politiek --- inkomensverdeling --- sociale ongelijkheid --- welvaartseconomie --- -Public welfare --- -Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Sociaal beleid: algemeen --- Sociaal beleid: social policy, sociale zekerheid, verzorgingsstaat --- Beleidssectoren: sociale zekerheid --- Bestuur en beleid: nationale en regionale studies: Verenigd Koninkrijk --- Government policy --- -Social policy --- -Sociaal beleid: algemeen --- -#SBIB:316.8H00 --- Public welfare - Great Britain --- Public welfare - United States --- Great Britain - Social policy - 1979 --- -United States - Social policy - 1993