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Education --- Communication --- Language and languages --- Education - General

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In an ideal world, primary education would be universal and publicly financed, and all children would be able to attend school regardless of their parents’ ability or willingness to pay. In many poor countries, however, governments lack either the financial resources or the political will to provide each child with a basic education, despite the benefits that would accrue not only to individuals but to society as a whole. In some of these countries, parents cover part or all of the cost of their children’s education. This paper explores the pros and cons of user payments.

Macroeconomics --- Education: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Education --- Personal income --- Income --- Chad

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Dans un monde idéal, l’enseignement primaire serait universel et financé sur les deniers publics et les enfants seraient scolarisés, que leurs parents en aient ou non les moyens ou la volonté. Mais dans de nombreux pays pauvres, l'État n'a pas les ressources financières ou la volonté politique nécessaires pour assurer l'enseignement de base à tous les enfants, malgré les avantages qu'en retireraient les individus et la société tout entière. Dans certains de ces pays, les parents paient totalement ou en partie pour l’éducation de leurs enfants. Ce document examine les avantages et les inconvénients des contributions des parents.

Macroeconomics --- Education: General --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Education --- Personal income --- Income --- Chad

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Education --- Communication --- Language and languages --- Communication. --- Education. --- Language and languages. --- Education - General

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Early Reading Instruction is a comprehensive analysis of the research evidence from early writing systems to computer models of reading. In this book, Diane McGuinness provides an innovative solution to the "reading war"--the century-old debate over the efficacy of phonics (sound-based) versus whole-word (meaning- based) methods. She has developed a prototype--a set of elements that are critical to the success of a reading method.McGuinness shows that all writing systems, without exception, are based on a sound unit in the language. This fact, and other findings by paleographers, provides a platform for the prototype. Other elements of the prototype are based on modern research. For example, observational studies in the classroom show that time spent on three activities strongly predicts reading success: learning phoneme/symbol correspondences, practice at blending and segmenting phonemes in words, and copying/writing words, phrases, and sentences. Most so-called literacy activities have no effect, and some, like sight word memorization, have a strongly negative effect.The National Reading Panel (2000) summarized the research on reading methods after screening out thousands of studies that failed to meet minimum scientific standards. In an in-depth analysis of this evidence, McGuinness shows that the most successful methods (children reading a year or more above age norms) include all the elements in the prototype. Finally, she argues, because phonics-type methods are consistently shown to be superior to whole-word methods in studies dating back to the 1960s, it makes no sense to continue this line of research. The most urgent question for future research is how to get the most effective phonics programs into the classroom.

Reading (Early childhood) --- Education --- Social Sciences --- Theory & Practice of Education --- Reading --- Study and teaching (Early childhood) --- Study and teaching --- EDUCATION/General --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/Psychology/Cognitive Psychology