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Lawson family. --- Aného (Togo) --- Togo --- History

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During these twenty last years, the microfinance was illustrated like a promising tool in the fight against poverty and social exclusion. From various successes which it has met in many under-developed countries, the Togolese state, in agreement with the World Bank, chose the microfinance like financial system in rural area. This study undertaken in the south-eastern part of Togo would like to update the various mechanism of this tool, the various activities financed, the effects on these activities, the effects on the populations and the development in the rural area. The strategy of different institutions of the zone of study was analyzed, the effects on beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries are compared. In the urban area the essential activities of microfinance institutions are developed around the commercial sector and the social objects. The result in rural area show the same tendency. The study highlighted the opposition of some microfinance institutions to finance agriculture whereas it represents the most important rural activity in this area. Trade followed by social objects mobilize the large majority of loan granted by the microfinance institutions studied. The effects on trade activities and the generated income are positive and significant. On welfare, the impact is positive for tradesmen and employees. But, the effects are not very significant on the other activities like farming and handicraft. Also, the impact on these people are not very significant. According to the specificity of the rural area, the study has wanted to highlight the direct or indirect effects of microfinance on the traditional organizations of the area and on the development. The introduction of the microfinance, did strongly not upset traditional practices in this area in term of financial practices. The informal system like "tontine" always exists and is more and more modernized. On the other hand, the influence of usurers decreased. Thus, the effect are positive or negative a ccording to the case and the socio-economic situation of the people concerned. It appears ultimately that in rural area, it would be firstly necessary to always update the mechanisms of intervention of the microfinance institutions with the specificity of the target people. Secondarily, the institutions should concretely specify their objectives, the target people and their strategies to use in order to reach them. The study identifies some ways which could be explored by the microfinance workers for achieving the objective that the authorities wanted to assign to it : to solve the problem of rural credit in general and agricultural credit in particular. The first part of this work presents the various financial sectors which exist before appearance of the microfinance. The service and products of the microfinance and the synthesis of few impact studies carried out in the world were also approached in this part. The genesis of the rural credit in Togo and its evolution until the microf inance, were presented in the second part. The study in its third part notices the link between rural development and poverty, and shows how the different policies of development executed in Togo led to the continuous impoverishment of the rural people. The last part shows the methodology adopted for this research, the effect of microfinance on the activities, the impact on populations and on development.

insurance --- credit. --- credit --- Credit policies --- Savings --- agriculture. --- Trade. --- Trade --- Handicrafts --- Sustainable development --- Rural population --- Poverty --- Togo

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Bénin --- Burkina --- Cameroun --- Centreafricaine --- Comores --- Congo --- Côte d'Ivoire --- Gabon --- Guinée-Bissau --- Guinée --- Guinée équatoriale --- Mali --- Niger --- Sénégal --- Tchad --- Togo

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Watersheds --- Flooding --- risk --- Natural disasters --- water balance --- Watershed management --- Hydraulic structures --- erosion control --- land use --- Resource conservation --- Anthropique --- Togo --- Benin. --- Benin

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Military religious orders --- 271.026 --- Knighthood, Orders of --- Religious orders --- Monasticism and religious orders --- Orders of knighthood and chivalry --- History. --- Hospitaalorden --- Knights of Malta --- Knights Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem --- Chevaliers de Rhodes --- Chevaliers de Malte --- Malta, Knights of --- Knights of St. John of Jerusalem --- Knights of Rhodes --- Knights Hospitalers --- Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem, Order of the --- Jerusalem, Knights of the Order of St. John of --- Jerusalem, Order of the Knights of St. John of --- Rhodes, Knights of --- Knights Hospitaller --- St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of the Order of --- Order of Malta --- Order of St. John of Jerusalem --- Ordem Hospitalaria de S. João de Jerusalem --- Ordem de S. João de Jerusalem --- Sovereign Order of St. John of Jerusalem --- Ordine di Malta --- Zakon Maltański --- Fursān al-Qiddīs Yūḥannā --- Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem --- Sovrano militare ordine di Malta --- Ordre S.M.H. de Malte --- Ordre souverain militaire et hiérosolymitain de Malte --- Orden de San Juan de Jerusalén --- Ordre souverain de Saint Jean de Jérusalem --- Malteser-Orden --- Johanniter-Orden --- Ritterlicher Orden St. Johannis zu Jerusalem --- Orden Hospitalaria de San Juan de Jerusalén --- Ordre souverain militaire de Malte --- Jeruzsálemi Szent János (Máltai) Lovagrend --- Cavalieri di Malta --- Soberana Orden Militar de Malta --- Sovrano militare ordine ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Sovereign Military Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta --- Ordre des Hospitaliers de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem --- Ordre de l'Hôpital Saint-Jean de Jérusalem --- Ordre souverain militaire et hospitalier de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, de Rhodes et de Malte --- Ordre souverain de Malte --- Ordre souverain de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem, de Rhodes et de Malte --- Malʹtiĭskiĭ orden --- Ordo Sancti Iohannis --- Ordo Sancti Johannis --- Johannita Rend --- Johannita Lovagrend --- Szent János Lovagrend --- Máltai Lovagrend --- Johanniterorden --- Ordre de Saint-Jean-de-Jérusalem --- Chevaliers de Saint-Jean-de-Jérusalem --- Orden de Malta --- Caballeros de San Juan --- Orden de los Caballeros Hospitalarios de San Juan de Jerusalén --- Ordre de Malte --- Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta --- Sovereign Military and Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta --- Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Malta --- Cavalieri di San Giovanni --- Ordine dei Cavalieri di S. Giovanni --- Ordine dei Cavalieri di San Giovanni --- Ordine di San Giovanni --- Ordine di San Giovanni gerosolimitano --- Order of St. John (Malta) --- Ordine gerosolimitano --- Cavalieri ospitalieri --- Orden Svi︠a︡togo Ioanna Ierusalimskogo --- Ordni ta' San Ġwann --- Kavallieri Ospitalieri ta' l-Ordni ta' San Ġwann --- Ordni tal-Kavallieri ta' San Ġwann --- Szpitalnicy Św. Jana --- Rycerski Zakon Świętego Jana --- Zakon "Joannitów" --- Sovrano militare Ordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Sovrano militare ordine di San Giovanni gerosolimitano --- Cavalieri di Rodi --- Sovrano militare Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Ordine dei Cavalieri giovanniti --- Cavalieri giovanniti --- Giovanniti --- Ordine dei giovanniti --- Joannici --- Ordine di S. Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Ordine di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Ordine di S. Giovanni --- Gerosolimitani --- Ospedalieri di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Ritterlicher Orden St. Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem --- Sovrano militare ordine ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta --- Ordine ospitaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Ordine giovannita --- Cavalieri di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme --- Cavalieri Gerosolimitani --- Soberana Militar Orden de Malta --- Zakon Rycerzy Jerozolimskiego Szpitala św. Jana Chrzciciela --- Knights of the Holy Sepulcher --- Antonine Canons --- Canons of the Holy Sepulcher --- Johanniter Orde in Nederland --- 271.026 Hospitaalorden --- History --- Great Britain --- Charitativní rytířský řád špitálu sv. Jana Křtitele Jeruzalémského --- Johanité --- Maltézstí rytíři --- OMelit --- Ordo Joanitarum --- Ordo Melitensium