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This volume comprises essays presented to Alvin Plantinga on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Plantinga is one of the leading figures in Anglo-American metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of religion; his work in these areas has been the focus of wide scholarly attention. This collection of essays, all of which were written specifically for this volume in honor of Plantinga’s 70th birthday, ranges broadly over topics in metaphysics and epistemology and includes contributions by some of the best philosophers writing today. The volume will be of particular interest to metaphysicians, epistemologists, philosophers of religion and theologians as it includes important recent work by some of the leading thinkers in these fields. With contributions from William P. Alston, Michael Bergmann, Richard Fumerton, Jenann Ismael, Jonathan Kvanvig, Trenton Merricks, Richard Otte, John Pollock, Michael C. Rea, Eleonore Stump, James Tomberlin, Peter van Inwagen, Nicholas Wolterstorff, and Keith Yandell.

Metaphysics. --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- God --- Ontology --- Philosophy --- Philosophy of mind --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Philosophy (General). --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy, general. --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy of Religion. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Metaphysics --- Religion—Philosophy. --- Religion

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The distinction between the contexts of discovery and justification has had a turbulent career in philosophy of science. At times celebrated as the hallmark of philosophical approaches to science, at times condemned as ambiguous, distorting, and misleading, the distinction dominated philosophical debates from the early decades of the twentieth century to the 1980s. Until today, it informs our conception of the content, domain, and goals of philosophy of science. It is due to this fact that new trends in philosophy of experimentation and history and sociology of science have been marginalized by traditional scholarship in philosophy. To acknowledge properly this important recent work we need to re-open the debate about the nature, development, and significance of the context distinction, about its merits and flaws. The contributions to this volume provide close readings and detailed analyses of the original textual sources for the context distinction. They revise those accounts of ‘forerunners’ of the distinction that have been written through the lens of Logical Empiricism. They map, clarify, and analyse the derivations and mutations of the context distinctions as we encounter them in current history and philosophy of science. The re-evaluation of the distinction helps us deal with the philosophical challenges that the New Experimentalism and historically, socio-politically and economically oriented science studies have placed before us. This volume thus clears the ground for the productive and fruitful integration of these new developments into philosophy of science.

Science --- Justification (Theory of knowledge) --- Philosophy. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- History. --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy (General). --- Philosophy of Science. --- History of Science. --- Epistemology. --- History of Philosophy. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Developmental psychology --- Philosophy and science. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science and philosophy

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In Wisdom, Knowledge, and Management, the 2nd volume of the series: Churchman’s Legacy and Related Works, the editors draw contributions from leading systems thinkers inspired by the works of C West Churchman. The Systems Approach and Its Enemies (C. West Churchman, 1979) is one of Churchman’s most significant works. In this particular writing he displayed two main tendencies, that he was a Skeptic and that he showed Socratic Wisdom. In Wisdom, Knowledge, and Management, the editors seeks to follow up on these two themes and reveal how modern authors interpret Churchman’s ideas, apply them to their own line of thinking and develop their own brand of Systemics. Several authors re-interpret Churchman’s thinking and several others apply this holistic discourse to practical applications. It is very significant that the authors are a very cosmopolitan group: hailing from Sweden, Australia, Spain, South Korea, Argentina and USA. Interestingly, the contribution from the South Korean author, Yu Jae E, applies conceptual tools from the French contemporary writer, Deleuze. Additionally, Darek M. Eriksson’s chapter applies the epistemology of Jean-Louis Le Moigne. Finally, we would like to note that one theme of this volume is to relate modern authors, and in particular Churchman, to ideas spawned two thousands years ago among the Ancient Greeks. This effort should show the reach of Churchman’s intellectual power and demonstrates cross-fertilization across borders and continents. It could not have happened without the Internet.

Management. --- System theory. --- Churchman, C. West --- Administration --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- Systems, Theory of --- Systems science --- Science --- Philosophy --- Churchman, Charles West, --- Cherchmen, Uėst, --- Leadership. --- Entrepreneurship. --- Social sciences --- Genetic epistemology. --- Business Strategy/Leadership. --- Sociology, general. --- Philosophy of the Social Sciences. --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy. --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Social philosophy --- Social theory --- Entrepreneur --- Intrapreneur --- Capitalism --- Business incubators --- Ability --- Command of troops --- Followership --- Sociology. --- Philosophy and social sciences. --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Social sciences and philosophy

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In The Uses of Argument, first published in 1958, Stephen Toulmin proposed a new model for the layout of arguments, with six components: claim, data, warrant, qualifier, rebuttal, backing. Toulmin’s model has been appropriated, adapted and extended by researchers in the fields of speech communications, philosophy and artificial intelligence. The present volume aims to bring together the best contemporary reflection in these fields on the Toulmin model and its current appropriation. The volume includes 24 articles by 27 scholars from 10 countries. All the essays are newly written, have been selected from among those received in response to a call for papers, and have been revised extensively in response to referees’ comments. They are not exegetical but substantive, extending or challenging Toulmin’s ideas in ways that make fresh contributions to the theory of analysing and evaluating arguments. Collectively, they represent the only comprehensive book-length study of the Toulmin model. They point the way to new developments in the theory of argument, including a typology of warrants, a comprehensive theory of defeaters, a rapprochement with formal logic, and a turn from propositions to speech acts as the constituents of argument.

Logic. --- Reasoning. --- Toulmin, Stephen, --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Methodology --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Judgment (Logic) --- Logic --- Genetic epistemology. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Epistemology. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge

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Self-organization constitutes one of the most important theoretical debates in contemporary life sciences. The present book explores the relevance of the concept of self-organization and its impact on such scientific fields as: immunology, neurosciences, ecology and theories of evolution. Historical aspects of the issue are also broached. Intuitions relative to self-organization can be found in the works of such key western philosophical figures as Aristotle, Leibniz and Kant. Interacting with more recent authors and cybernetics, self-organization represents a notion in keeping with the modern world's discovery of radical complexity. The themes of teleology and emergence are analyzed by philosophers of sciences with regards to the issues of modelization and scientific explanation. The implications of self-organization for life sciences are here approached from an interdisciplinary angle, revealing the notion as already rewarding and full of promise for the future.

Life sciences. --- History. --- Philosophy. --- Epistemology. --- Biology --- Life Sciences. --- Life Sciences, general. --- Philosophy, general. --- Philosophy of Biology. --- History of Science. --- Self-organizing --- Biological systems. --- Biosystems --- Systems, Biological --- System theory --- Systems biology --- Philosophy --- Self-organizing systems --- Learning systems (Automatic control) --- Self-optimizing systems --- Cybernetics --- Intellect --- Learning ability --- Synergetics --- Philosophy (General). --- Biology-Philosophy. --- Genetic epistemology. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Biology—Philosophy. --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities