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The central question posed in this book is: If there existed a superior being who possessed the supernatural qualities of omniscience, omnipotence, immortality, and incomprehensibility, how would he/she act differently from us? The mathematical theory of games is used to define each of these qualities, and different assumptions about the rules of play in several theological games that might be played between ordinary human beings and superior beings like God are posited. Implications of these definitions and assumptions are developed and used to explore such questions as: are God's superior powers compatible with human free will? Can they be reconciled with the problem of evil in the world? In what situation is God's existence "decidable" in gamelike relationships He migh have with us? By endowing omniscience/omnipotence/immortality/incomprehensibility with unambiguous meanings, the author shows how game theory can help breathe life into questions that have been dismissed too quickly simply because they are metaphysical--outside the world of experience. Thereby he clarifies the structure of our thought about an ultimate reality, whether or not it is viewed as religious. Reviews from the first edition: "[Brams's] arguments, some of them quite complicated, are presented clearly and enough background information is given to enable the non-expert in game theory to follow what is going on." - H.N.V. Temperley, Nature (March, 1984) "Superior Beings is an extraordinary book... He [Brams] uses strikingly simple models and generally transparent logic to make some surprising inferences about superiority. His inquiry is carried out with great inventiveness and care, and his book is highly recommended to those interested in religion, philosophy, and the contribution of logical analysis." - D. Marc Kilgur, American Scientist (1984) "Brams has performed a service in deominstrating that rational analysis need not stop where issues involving faith and emotion begin." - Peter Bennett, New Scientist (1 March, 1984) "Does game-theoretic theory exist? This book is a fresh partial answer, modestly phrased and interestingly written. Readers will enjoy it and learn from it whether or not the believe in either God or von Neumann." - Dr. Paul R. Halmos, Indiana University "Professor Brams has boldly invaded an unexplored region where modern game theory and decision theory find applications to monotheistic theology. His carefully constructed arguments would have perplexed Maimonides, Aquinas, Luther, or the great Muslim thinkers... But it is hard to see how they can be ignored by contemporary theologians." - Martin Gardener "[Brams's] work can be highly recommended as collateral reading for introductory courses on mathematical modeling in the social, managerial and decision science-now perhaps even in theology." - William F. Lucas, American Mathematical Monthly (January, 1987).

God (Christianity) --- Game theory. --- Games, Theory of --- Theory of games --- Mathematical models --- Mathematics --- Attributes. --- Attributes of God --- Appropriation (Christian theology) --- Mathematics. --- Economic theory. --- Science (General). --- Philosophy (General). --- Genetic epistemology. --- Game Theory, Economics, Social and Behav. Sciences. --- Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods. --- Popular Science, general. --- Philosophy, general. --- Epistemology. --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Math --- Science --- Popular works. --- Philosophy. --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities

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Diagrammatology investigates the role of diagrams for thought and knowledge. Based on the general doctrine of diagrams in Charles Peirce's mature work, Diagrammatology claims diagrams to constitute a centerpiece of epistemology. The book reflects Peirce's work on the issue in Husserl's contemporanous doctrine of "categorial intuition" and charts the many unnoticed similarities between Peircean semiotics and early Husserlian phenomenology. Diagrams, on a Peircean account, allow for observation and experimentation with ideal structures and objects and thus furnish the access to the synthetic a priori of the regional and formal ontology of the Husserlian tradition. The second part of the book focusses on three regional branches of semiotics: biosemiotics, picture analysis, and the theory of literature. Based on diagrammatology, these domains appear as accessible for a diagrammatological approach which leaves the traditional relativism and culturalism of semiotics behind and hence constitutes a realist semiotics Diagrams will never be the same. A fascinating and challenging tour through phenomenology, biology, Peirce's theory of signs and Ingarden's ontology of literature, all neatly tied together through the guiding thread of the diagrammatical. A veritable tour de force. Barry Smith, SUNY at Buffalo, U.S.A. With his meticulous scholarship, Frederik Stjernfelt shows that Peirce and Husserl were cultivating a broad and fertile common ground, which was largely neglected by both the analytic and the continental philosophers during the 20th century and which promises to be an exciting area of research in the 21st. John F. Sowa, Croton-on-Hudson, U.S.A.

Iconicity (Linguistics) --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Logic diagrams. --- Ontology. --- Phenomenology. --- Semiotics. --- Philosophy, Modern --- Being --- Philosophy --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Semeiotics --- Semiology (Linguistics) --- Semantics --- Signs and symbols --- Structuralism (Literary analysis) --- Diagrams, Logic --- Logic --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Iconism (Linguistics) --- Icons (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Semiotics --- Diagrams --- Graphic methods --- Genetic epistemology. --- Pragmatism. --- Phenomenology . --- Comparative literature. --- Biology-Philosophy. --- Epistemology. --- Comparative Literature. --- Philosophy of Biology. --- Biology --- Philosophy. --- Comparative literature --- Literature, Comparative --- Philology --- Idealism --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Positivism --- Realism --- Utilitarianism --- Experience --- Reality --- Truth --- Developmental psychology --- Vitalism --- History and criticism --- Biology—Philosophy.

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Believing the wrong thing may sometimes have drastic consequences. The question as to when a person is not only ill-guided, but genuinely at fault for holding a particular belief is an important one: It touches upon the roots of our understanding of such notions as criminal negligence and moral responsibility. The answer to this question may influence the extent to which we are willing to submit each other to punishments ranging from mild resentment to harsh prison terms. This book presents an extensive effort to shed light on the conditions under which we may appropriately deem someone blameworthy for holding a particular belief. It regiments and unifies several debates within contemporary epistemology, ethics and legal scholarship. Finally, the book brings a new philosophical look on issues like our power to control beliefs and the extent and nature of foresight. "Blameworthy Belief is unique in being an up-to-date monograph devoted entirely to the problem of a moral appraisal of beliefs and the closely related problem of deciding to believe (doxastic voluntarism and anti-voluntarism). It is bound to become a highly influential work and is of great interest not only to epistemologists, but also to philosophers of law and moral philosophers." Heinrich Wansing, Professor of Philosophy of Science and Logic, Dresden University of Technology, Germany "Nottelmann has nicely managed to weave accounts of competing views into his discussion, and so this book provides an excellent survey of the literature en route to the development of a sensible account of how we could be said to be responsible for believing various things, even though belief formation is not under our voluntary control." John Heil, Professor of Philosophy, Washington University in St. Louis, U.S.A., and Monash University, Australia.

Knowledge, Theory of. --- Ethics. --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy of law. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Education --- Philosophy (General). --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy of Law. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Philosophy of Education. --- Philosophy, general. --- Philosophy. --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Cognitive science --- Metaphysics --- Philosophical anthropology --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Political science. --- Philosophy and social sciences. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Social sciences and philosophy --- Social sciences --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- State, The

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This is the first book to collect essays from philosophers, mathematicians and computer scientists working at the exciting interface of algorithmic learning theory and the epistemology of science and inductive inference. Readable, introductory essays provide engaging surveys of different, complementary, and mutually inspiring approaches to the topic, both from a philosophical and a mathematical viewpoint. Building upon this base, subsequent papers present novel extensions of algorithmic learning theory as well as bold, new applications to traditional issues in epistemology and the philosophy of science. The volume is vital reading for students and researchers seeking a fresh, truth-directed approach to the philosophy of science and induction, epistemology, logic, and statistics.

Computer algorithms. --- Machine learning. --- Mathematics --- Philosophy. --- Logic of mathematics --- Mathematics, Logic of --- Learning, Machine --- Artificial intelligence --- Machine theory --- Algorithms --- Genetic epistemology. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Computer science. --- Science --- Algorithms. --- Consciousness. --- Epistemology. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Cognitive Psychology. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Spirit --- Self --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Informatics --- Foundations --- Mathematical logic. --- Philosophy and science. --- Cognitive psychology. --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Science and philosophy --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Machine theory. --- Formal Languages and Automata Theory. --- Abstract automata --- Abstract machines --- Automata --- Mathematical machine theory --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Recursive functions --- Robotics

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This four-volume work represents the most comprehensive documentation and study of the creation of general relativity; one of the fundamental physical theories of the 20th century. It comprises key sources from Einstein and others who from the late 19th to the early 20th century contributed to this monumental development. Some of these sources are presented here in translation for the first time. Einstein’s famous Zurich notebook, which documents the pivotal steps toward general relativity, is reproduced here for the first time and transcribed in its entirety. The volumes offer detailed commentaries and analyses of these sources that are based on a close reading of these documents supplemented by interpretations by the leading historians of relativity. All in all, the facets of this work, based on more than a decade of research, combine to constitute one of the most in-depth studies of a scientific revolution ever written.

kennisleer --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Theory of knowledge --- filosofie --- epistomologie --- Philosophy of nature --- Philosophy of science --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- epistemologists --- Philosophy --- General relativity (Physics) --- Relativity (Physics) --- Gravitation --- Nonrelativistic quantum mechanics --- Space and time --- Relativistic theory of gravitation --- Relativity theory, General --- Physics --- Einstein, Albert --- Einstein, Albert, --- General relativity (Physics). --- Relativity (Physics). --- Philosophy (General). --- History. --- Genetic epistemology. --- Philosophy of nature. --- Science --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Philosophy, general. --- History of Science. --- Epistemology. --- Philosophy of Nature. --- Philosophy of Science. --- Philosophy. --- Normal science --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Gravitation. --- Philosophy and science. --- Science and philosophy --- Epistemology --- Psychology --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Properties --- Aiyinsitan, Abote, --- Aĭnshtaĭn, Albert, --- Ainshutain, A, --- Ain̲sṭain̲, Ālparṭ, --- Ainsṭāina, Albarṭa, --- Ajnštajn, Albert, --- Āynishtayn, --- Aynshtayn, Albert, --- Eĭnshteĭn, Alʹbert, --- אינשטין, אלברט, --- איינשטיין --- איינשטיין, אלבערט, --- איינשטיין, אלברט --- איינשטיין, אלברט, --- Aynştayn, Elbêrt, --- Īnshtīn, --- Aynîştayn, --- Aiyinsitan, --- 愛因斯坦, --- 爱因斯坦,