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International Law - General --- International Law --- Law, Politics & Government

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The classical model of international lawmaking posits governments as exclusively authoritative actors. However, commercially-oriented entities have long been protagonists within the prevailing international legal order, concluding contracts and resolving disputes with governments. Is the international legal personality of corporations undergoing further qualitative transformations ? Corporations influence the State practice constitutive of custom and create, refashion or challenge normative rules. The corporate willingness to fill legal lacunae where governments do not exercise their full regulatory responsibility is also observable through resort to alternative legal mechanisms. Corporations moreover contribute directly to treaty negotiations and occupy crucial roles during subsequent implementation. Indeed, an analysis of the access conditions and participatory modalities for non-State actors could support a right to participate under common international procedural law. Their substantive contributions are also evident when corporations participate in enforcing international law against governments through national courts, diplomatic protection (including the WTO) and arbitration (including NAFTA). However, the practice of intergovernmental organizations reveals several challenges including managing corporate interaction with developing country governments and other non-State actors. Acknowledging corporate contributions also has important implications for national regulatory autonomy, the ability of governments to mediate contested policy issues, the democratic legitimacy of the contemporary lawmaking process and an understanding of consent as the underlying basis for international law.

International business enterprises. --- International law. --- Legislation. --- Pressure groups. --- Soft law. --- Treaties. --- International law --- Legislation --- Treaties --- Soft law --- International business enterprises --- Pressure groups --- International Law - General --- International Law --- Law, Politics & Government --- Advocacy groups --- Interest groups --- Political interest groups --- Special interest groups (Pressure groups) --- Business enterprises, International --- Corporations, International --- Global corporations --- International corporations --- MNEs (International business enterprises) --- Multinational corporations --- Multinational enterprises --- Transnational corporations --- Extralegal norms --- Agreements, International --- Conventions (Treaties) --- International agreements --- Legislative process --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law and legislation --- Functional representation --- Political science --- Representative government and representation --- Lobbying --- Policy networks --- Political action committees --- Social control --- Business enterprises --- Corporations --- Joint ventures --- Social norms --- International obligations --- Law --- E-books