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Wetland restoration --- Water levels --- Winds --- Giacomini Wetland Restoration Project (Calif.) --- Point Reyes National Seashore (Calif.)

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This volume contains the edited lecture notes of the First JETSET School on Jets from Young Stars: Models and Constraints, held by the Marie Curie Research and Training Network on JET Simulations, Experiments and Theory. At this school the lecturers gave an introduction to observational properties and basic models describing the launching and collimation mechanisms of jets. The first half of the book is devoted to general observational constraints, covering the outflow phenomenon in young stars, the identification of magneto-centrifugal processes as the main jet driving mechanism, and the magnetic interaction between the star and its accretion disc. The second half of the book is devoted to theoretical knowledge of magneto-hydrodynamic processes pertinent to the jet launching mechanism in young stars. This comprises a general introduction to magneto-hydrodynamics, a description of the role of MHD processes in Standard Accretion Discs, and the physics of steady state MHD outflows, from the basic concepts and equations to modern self-similar solutions. Further lectures detail the various classes of steady magnetic-wind models currently discussed in the context of protostellar jets.

Astrophysical jets. --- Astrophysical jets --- Magnetohydrodynamics --- Stellar winds --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Stars --- Winds, Stellar --- Winds --- Physics. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Astrophysics. --- Space sciences. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Observations. --- Space plasmas --- Stellar activity --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science

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The SOHO and Cluster missions form a single ESA cornerstone. Yet they observe very different regions in our solar system: the solar atmosphere on one hand and the Earth’s magnetosphere on the other. At the same time the Ulysses mission provides observations in the third dimension of the heliosphere, and many others add to the picture from the Lagrangian point L1 to the edge of the heliosphere. It is the aim of this ISSI volume to tie these observations together in addressing the topic of Solar Dynamics and its Effects on the Heliosphere and Earth, thus contributing to the International Living With a Star (ILWS) program. The volume starts out with an assessment and description of the reasons for solar dynamics and how it couples into the heliosphere. The three subsequent sections are each devoted to following one chain of events from the Sun all the way to the Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere: The normal solar wind chain, the chain associated with coronal mass ejections, and the solar energetic particles chain. The final section is devoted to common physical processes occurring both at the Sun and in the magnetosphere such as reconnection, shock acceleration, dipolarisation of magnetic field, and others.

Heliosphere (Astrophysics) --- Magnetosphere. --- Ionosphere. --- Solar wind. --- Heaviside layer --- Kennelly-Heaviside layer --- Atmosphere, Upper --- Plasma, Solar --- Solar plasma --- Wind, Solar --- Solar activity --- Stellar winds --- Upper atmosphere --- Astrophysics. --- Planetology. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Space sciences. --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science

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This book comprises reports on basic research, as well as research related to the practical exploitation and application of wind energy. "Wind Energy" comprehensively describes the atmospheric turbulent wind condition on different time scales, and the interaction of wind turbines with both wind and water flows, which are significant factors to consider for the design, operation and maintenance of wind turbines in offshore conditions. Topics of particular interest include: * wind climate & wind field * gusts, extreme events & turbulence * rotor aerodynamics & wake effects * power production & fluctuations * sea states & wave loads * materials (composites, steel, concrete) & fatigue * structural health monitoring.

Wind power --- Winds --- Wind power plants --- Mathematical models --- Speed --- Wind farms --- Wind power parks --- Windfarms --- Power-plants --- Wind --- Weather --- Wind energy --- Windpower --- Power resources --- Renewable energy sources --- Windmills --- Renewable energy sources. --- Engineering. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Vibration. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management. --- Automotive Engineering. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Vibration, Dynamical Systems, Control. --- Cycles --- Mechanics --- Sound --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Renewable energy resources. --- Energy policy. --- Energy and state. --- Automotive engineering. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Dynamical systems. --- Dynamics. --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Physics --- Statics --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Energy and state --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation --- Government policy

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Most of practically-used turbulence closure models are based on the concept of downgra- ent transport. Accordingly the models express turbulent uxes of momentum and scalars as products of the mean gradient of the transported property and the corresponding turbulent transport coef cient (eddy viscosity, K , heat conductivity, K , or diffusivity, K ). Fol- M H D lowing Kolmogorov (1941), turbulent transport coef cients are taken to be proportional to the turbulent velocity scale, u , and length scale, l : T T K ? K ? K ? u l . (1) M H D T T 2 Usually u is identi ed with the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) per unit mass, E ,and K T is calculated from the TKE budget equation using the Kolmogorov closure for the TKE dissipation rate: ? ? E /t , (2) K K T where t ? l /u is the turbulent dissipation time scale. This approach is justi ed when it T T T is applied to neutral stability ows, where l can be taken to be proportional to the distance T from the nearest wall. However, this method encounters dif culties in strati ed ows (both stable and uns- ble). The turbulent Prandtl number Pr = K /K exhibits essential dependence on the T M H strati cation and cannot be considered as constant.

Boundary layer (Meteorology) --- Atmospheric circulation --- Climatology --- Mathematical models --- Atmosphere, Lower --- Atmospheric boundary layer --- Friction layer (Meteorology) --- Ground layer (Meteorology) --- Lower atmosphere --- Planetary boundary layer --- Surface boundary layer --- Surface layer (Meteorology) --- Atmosphere --- Climate --- Climate science --- Science of climate --- Meteorology --- Atmospheric motion --- Wind circulation --- Grosswetterlagen --- Stratospheric circulation --- Winds --- Climate sciences --- Atmospheric science --- Environmental protection. --- Climatic changes. --- Planetology. --- Physical geography. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Climate Change. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Physical Geography. --- Geography --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Environmental aspects --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Air pollution. --- Climate change. --- Remote sensing. --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Pollution --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Control --- Global environmental change