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How cash transfers made to women are used has important implications for models of household behavior and for the design of social programs. In this paper, the authors use the randomized introduction of an unconditional cash transfer to poor women in rural Ecuador to analyze the effect of transfers on the food Engel curve. There are two main findings. First, the authors show that households randomly assigned to receive Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) transfers have a significantly higher food share in expenditures than those that were randomly assigned to the control group. Second, they show that the rising food share among BDH beneficiaries is found among households that have both adult males and females, but not among households that only have adult females. Bargaining power between men and women is likely to be important in mixed-adult households, but not among female-only households, where there are no men to bargain with. Finally, the authors show that within mixed-adult households, program effects are only significant in households in which the initial bargaining capacity of women was likely to be weak. This pattern of results is consistent with an increase in the bargaining power of women in households that received BDH transfers.

Communities & Human Settlements --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Food and Beverage Industry --- Food consumption --- Food Policy --- Food Policy Research --- Food supplements --- Fruits --- Housing and Human Habitats --- Hygiene --- Industry --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Labeling --- Meat --- Poverty Reduction --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping --- Vegetables

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Developing Countries. --- Health Policy. --- Hunger --- Malnutrition --- Malnutrition --- Malnutrition --- Social Sciences and Humanities. Development Studies --- World health. --- Complications. --- Prevention & control. --- Food Policy.

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This paper discusses key findings of the 2006 Article IV Consultation and Third Review Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility for Niger. Macroeconomic performance and policy implementation have been broadly satisfactory. After a drought in 2004, a bumper harvest in late 2005 and good rains in 2006 have helped economic recovery, improved food security, and eased inflation. The fiscal deficit in 2006 is expected to be narrower than programmed, reflecting mainly lower spending on investment and food security.

Economic policy. --- International finance. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- Social Services and Welfare --- Agriculture & Food Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Agricultural Policy --- Food Policy --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Public finance & taxation --- Poverty & precarity --- International economics --- Social welfare & social services --- Finance --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Food security --- Expenditure --- Total expenditures --- External debt --- Poverty --- Finance, Public --- Expenditures, Public --- Debts, External --- Niger

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The report seeks to analyze what has been learned about how agricultural interventions influence nutrition outcomes in low-and middle-income countries, focusing on the target populations of the millennium development goals-people living on less than a dollar a day. It also sets out to synthesize lessons from past efforts to improve the synergies between agriculture and nutrition outcomes. The report identifies a number of developments in agriculture and nutrition that have transformed the context in which nutrition is affected by agriculture. The relationship between agriculture and human nutrition is far more complex than the relationship between food production and food consumption or the economic relationship between food supply and food demand. Expanding agriculture's purview and capacity to embrace those contributing factors and determinants of nutrition that are traditionally the province of other disciplines or improving agriculture's interface with other, nonagricultural sectors, suggest themselves as possible ways forward. The limitations of production-focused agricultural programs and interventions in delivering improved nutrition impacts have been recognized by some in the agricultural community for decades. In the early 1980s a number of international development agencies undertook programs that sought to orient agricultural production to nutrition-related objectives, and over time a substantial body of literature developed around the analysis of the programs' results.

Agricultural Extension Services --- Agricultural Policy --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Agriculture & Farming Systems --- Anemia --- Cash Crops --- Child Health --- Drainage --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food Consumption --- Food Processing --- Food Production --- Food Safety --- Food Security --- Gender --- Grains --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Capital --- Industry --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Irrigation --- Land Tenure --- Livestock --- Maize --- Malnutrition --- Maternal Health --- Meat --- Minerals --- Nutrition --- Nutrition Programs --- Obesity --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector --- Rice --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Sanitation --- Social Capital --- Staple Foods --- Weeds

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Developing countries: agricultural and food problems --- South Asia --- Agrobiodiversity --- Nutrition policy --- Food supply --- Agricultural systems --- Women and the environment --- Poverty --- Environment and women --- Human ecology --- Ecofeminism --- Farming systems --- Systems, Agricultural --- Systems, Farming --- Agricultural geography --- Farm management --- Food control --- Produce trade --- Agriculture --- Food security --- Single cell proteins --- Food --- Food policy --- Nutrition --- Nutrition and state --- State and nutrition --- Social policy --- Agricultural biodiversity --- Agricultural biological diversity --- Agro-biodiversity --- Agricultural ecology --- Biodiversity --- Government policy --- India --- Foreign economic relations. --- Economic policy --- Bharat --- Bhārata --- Government of India --- Ḣindiston Respublikasi --- Inde --- Indië --- Indien --- Indii︠a︡ --- Indland --- Indo --- Republic of India --- Sāthāranarat ʻIndīa --- Yin-tu --- インド --- هند --- Индия