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This book explores from a new perspective the fraught processes of Spaniards' efforts to formulate a national identity, from the Enlightenment to the present day. Focusing on the nation's Islamic-African legacy, Susan Martin-Márquez disputes received wisdom that Spain has consistently rejected its historical relationship to Muslims and Africans. Instead, she argues, Spaniards have sometimes denied and sometimes embraced this legacy, and that vacillation has served to destabilize presumably fixed borders between Europe and the Muslim world and between Europe and Africa. Martin-Márquez analyzes a wealth of texts produced by Spaniards as well as by Africans and Afro-Spaniards from the early nineteenth century forward. She illuminates the complexities and disorientations of Spanish identity and shows how its evolution has important implications for current debates not only in Spanish culture but also in other countries involved in negotiating a modern identity.

National characteristics, Spanish --- Spanish national characteristics --- History. --- Spain --- Africa --- Civilization --- African influences. --- Islamic influences. --- Colonies --- History --- National characteristics --- National characteristics, Spanish -- History.. --- Spain -- Civilization -- African influences.. --- Spain -- Civilization -- Islamic influences.. --- Spain -- Colonies -- Africa.

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In c.1142 work started on the construction of a major castle in the southern Jordanian town of Karak. The largest of a network of fortifications, Karak castle became the administrative centre of an important Crusader lordship. After 1188 Karak and its territories were incorporated into the Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman sultanates. This book traces the history of Karak and the surrounding lands during the Middle Islamic period (c.1100-1650 CE). The book offers an innovative methodology, combining primary textual sources (in Latin and Arabic) with archaeological data (principally the ceramic record) as a means to reconstruct the fluctuating economic relations between Karak and other regions of the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean.

Excavations (Archaeology) --- Islamic pottery --- Islamic civilization. --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Céramique islamique --- Civilisation islamique --- Karak (Jordan : Province) --- Al-Karak (Muḥāfaẓah) --- History --- Histoire --- Ayyubids --- Islamic civilization --- Mamelukes --- Civilization, Islamic --- Muslim civilization --- Civilization --- Civilization, Arab --- Ayubites --- Muḩāfaz̧at al Karak (Jordan) --- Karak District (Jordan) --- District of Karak (Jordan) --- Governorate of Karak (Jordan) --- Kerak (Jordan) --- El Kerak (Jordan) --- Liwāʼ al Karak (Jordan) --- Karak Governorate (Jordan) --- History. --- Ayyubīdes (dynastie) --- Mamelouks