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Some people dwell alone, many in family-based households, and an adventuresome few in communes. The Household is the first book to systematically lay bare the internal dynamics of these and other home arrangements. Legal underpinnings, social considerations, and economic constraints all influence how household participants select their homemates and govern their interactions around the hearth. Robert Ellickson applies transaction cost economics, sociological theory, and legal analysis to explore issues such as the sharing of household output, the control of domestic misconduct, and the ownership of dwelling units. Drawing on a broad range of historical and statistical sources, Ellickson contrasts family-based households with the more complex arrangements in medieval English castles, Israeli kibbutzim, and contemporary cohousing communities. He shows that most individuals, when structuring their home relationships, pursue a strategy of consorting with intimates. This, he asserts, facilitates informal coordination and tends ultimately to enhance the quality of domestic interactions. He challenges utopian critics who seek to enlarge the scale of the household and legal advocates who urge household members to rely more on written contracts and lawsuits. Ellickson argues that these commentators fail to appreciate the great advantages in the home setting of informally associating with a handful of trusted intimates. The Household is a must-read for sociologists, economists, lawyers, and anyone interested in the fundamentals of domestic life.

Mathematics --- HIstory. --- Math --- Mathematics -- India -- Bio-bibliography. --- Mathematics -- India -- History. --- Science --- History. --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Consumption (Economics) --- Households --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Artisans --- Economics --- Small business --- Consumer demand --- Consumer spending --- Consumerism --- Spending, Consumer --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Economic aspects. --- Economic aspects

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The Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) was established by the IMF’s Executive Board in 2001. It provides objective and independent evaluation of issues related to the IMF. The IEO operates independently of IMF management and at arm’s length from the IMF Executive Board. For more information on the IEO’s activities, visit the IEO website: www.ieo-imf.org.

Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- International Economics --- Civics and Citizenship --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Auditing --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Labor Economics: General --- International institutions --- Civil service & public sector --- Management accounting & bookkeeping --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- International organization --- Civil society organizations --- Public sector --- Labor --- Civil society --- Finance, Public --- Labor economics --- United States

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The Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) was established by the IMF’s Executive Board in 2001. It provides objective and independent evaluation of issues related to the IMF. The IEO operates independently of IMF management and at arm’s length from the IMF Executive Board. For more information on the IEO’s activities, visit the IEO website: www.ieo-imf.org.

Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- International Economics --- Civics and Citizenship --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Auditing --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Labor Economics: General --- International institutions --- Civil service & public sector --- Management accounting & bookkeeping --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- International organization --- Civil society organizations --- Public sector --- Labor --- Civil society --- Finance, Public --- Labor economics --- United States

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Le Bureau indépendant d’évaluation (BIE) a été créé en 2001 par le conseil d'administration du FMI. Il évalue de manière objective et indépendante des questions liées au FMI. Le BIE fonctionne en toute indépendance de la direction et du Conseil d’administration du FMI. Pour en savoir plus sur les activités du BIE, visitez son site web : www.ieo-imf.org.

Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- International Economics --- Civics and Citizenship --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Formal and Informal Sectors --- Shadow Economy --- Institutional Arrangements --- Auditing --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Labor Economics: General --- International institutions --- Civil service & public sector --- Management accounting & bookkeeping --- Labour --- income economics --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- International organization --- Civil society organizations --- Public sector --- Labor --- Civil society --- Finance, Public --- Labor economics --- United States

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The paper relies on a firm-level data on transition economies to examine the relationship between informality and bank credit. We find evidence that informality is robustly and significantly associated with lower access to and use of bank credit. We also find that higher tax compliance costs reduce firms' reliance on bank credit, while a stronger quality of the legal environment is associated with higher access to credit even for financially opaque informal firms. An interactive term between a country-wide measure of tax compliance costs and the level of informal activity is negative and significant, suggesting that the negative association between informality and bank credit is stronger in countries with weak tax administration.

Bank loans --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Business enterprises --- Econometric models. --- Finance --- Bank credit --- Business organizations --- Businesses --- Companies --- Enterprises --- Firms --- Organizations, Business --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Loans --- Business --- Artisans --- Economics --- Small business --- Banks and Banking --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Credit --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Tax administration core functions --- Revenue --- Tax administration and procedure --- Banks and banking --- Estonia, Republic of