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The Doha Round must be concluded not because it will produce dramatic liberalization but because it will create greater security of market access. Its conclusion would strengthen, symbolically and substantively, the WTO's valuable role in restraining protectionism in the current downturn. What is on the table would constrain the scope for tariff protection in all goods, ban agricultural export subsidies in the industrial countries and sharply reduce the scope for distorting domestic support - by 70 per cent in the EU and 60 per cent in the US. Average farm tariffs that exporters face would fall to 12 per cent (from 14.5 per cent) and the tariffs on exports of manufactures to less than 2.5 per cent (from about 3 per cent). There are also environmental benefits to be captured, in particular disciplining the use of subsidies that encourage over-fishing and lowering tariffs on technologies that can help mitigate global warming. An agreement to facilitate trade by cutting red tape will further expand trade opportunities. Greater market access for the least-developed countries will result from the "duty free and quota free" proposal and their ability to take advantage of new opportunities will be enhanced by the Doha-related "aid for trade" initiative. Finally, concluding Doha would create space for multilateral cooperation on critical policy matters that lie outside the Doha Agenda, most urgently the trade policy implications of climate change mitigation.

Aggregate demand --- Agriculture --- Economic Theory and Research --- Elasticity --- Emerging Markets --- Exports --- Financial crises --- Free Trade --- GDP --- Income --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Inventories --- Law and Development --- LDCs --- Multilateral trade --- Natural resources --- Private Sector Development --- Protectionism --- Public Sector Development --- Real income --- Trade barriers --- Trade Law --- Trade negotiations --- Trade policies --- Trade policy --- Trade reforms --- WTO

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In this paper the authors apply global value chain (GVC) analysis to recent trends in the global automotive industry, with special attention paid to government interventions triggered by the recent economic crisis. The authors first highlight some of the defining characteristics of GVCs in this important industry, especially the unusually strong regional structure of production and sales. National political institutions create pressure for local content, which drives production close to end markets, where it tends to be organized nationally or regionally. They then examine policy reactions to the recent economic crisis, and provide some discussion of the government interventions in the industry. The authors end with a number of policy conclusions that highlight the likely impact of the interventions on the evolution GVCs and the growth of the industry in developing countries.

Aggregate demand --- Commodity prices --- Debt Markets --- Domestic market --- Durable goods --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging market --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Industry --- International trade --- Inventories --- Labor market --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market share --- Markets and Market Access --- Purchasing --- Sale --- Sales --- Social Protections and Labor --- Substitute --- Supplier --- Suppliers --- Supply chain --- Surplus --- Target markets --- Total sales --- Water and Industry --- Water Resources --- World markets

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Empirical studies send mixed messages as to the magnitude of social stigma associated with the take-up of social transfers and the impact of stigma on take-up. These mixed signals may be related to the fact that stigma and program participation are likely to be jointly determined. If there is a high (low) degree of participation in a program, stigma is likely to be lower (higher) due at least in part to that high (low) degree of participation. This is because the more eligible persons participate, the less one can single out specific individuals for stigma because they use the program. This note suggests this theoretically with a simple model showing that we may have in an idealized setting two equilibria: one with stigma and zero participation in a social program, and one with perfect participation and no stigma.

Aggregate demand --- Benefits --- Common Property Resource Development --- Community Development and Empowerment --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Econometrics --- Economic research --- Economic theory --- Economic Theory and Research --- Education --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Failures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Game theory --- Gender --- Gender and Law --- Incentives --- Income --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Nash equilibrium --- Outcomes --- Participation --- Political economy --- Public --- Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Rural Development --- Social Development --- Strategic complementarities --- Subnational Governance --- Urban Development --- Urban Governance and Management --- Utility --- Utility function --- Wealth --- Welfare --- Welfare system