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The subject of this book is stratospheric balloons used for scientific observations and for the development of space technology and balloons that are used for aerological observations. These balloons attain flight altitudes more than three times those of passenger planes. They transport payloads ranging from several hundred kilograms up to several tons into the earth’s stratosphere. The density of the atmosphere at these altitudes is less than 1% that at the earth’s surface. In addition, as part of planetary exploration, this book includes planetary balloons sent to float over other planets that have atmospheres, such as Mars and Venus. The general term used to describe these sorts of activities is scientific ballooning. Although the flights of stratospheric balloons used for various scientific observations and technological experiments do not take place in the void of space, stratospheric balloons may be placed in the same fields as rockets and satellites, namely space science and technology. This, of course, goes without saying for planetary balloons that are transported into outer space on space vehicles. Organizations that conduct research and development, and that launch and perform operations with this type of scientific ballooning are usually associated with each country’s meteorological organizations and space research and development organizations. Stratospheric balloons are giant pressurized membrane structures that float in the thin atmosphere of the stratosphere. Their volumes range from a few tens of thousands of cubic meters up to several hundred thousand cubic meters. Their flight characteristics are governed by complex relationships of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. For planetary balloons, various atmospheric conditions that differ from those on the ground also come into effect. Consequently, performing systematic engineering design and analysis is a prerequisite for constructing and launching balloons. Aerological knowledge of the atmosphere is indispensable for conducting a flight. Such a foundation also ensures safety and reliability during flights. The aim of this book is to systematically describe the engineering aspects associated with scientific ballooning.

Balloons --- Balloons in astronomy. --- Scientific applications. --- Aeronautics in astronomy --- Aerostats --- Military balloons --- Aeronautics --- Airships --- Expandable space structures --- Astronautics. --- Planetology. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Aerospace Technology and Astronautics. --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Space sciences --- Astrodynamics --- Space flight --- Space vehicles --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Aerospace engineering. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Aeronautical engineering --- Astronautics --- Engineering

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Comment réglementer les aéroports de façon à limiter leur pouvoir de marché ? Ce rapport part du principe que la question préalable à se poser est de savoir s’il est indiqué de réglementer. La réglementation étant imparfaite et coûteuse, les pouvoirs publics devraient chaque fois que c’est possible établir les conditions propices au développement de la concurrence entre aéroports en lieu et place d’une réglementation détaillée. Lorsque la réglementation économique se justifie, par exemple pour des aéroports très encombrés, le rapport examine les différentes approches réglementaires possibles pour déterminer celle qui est, en définitive, la plus adaptée. Il évalue aussi les stratégies de gestion des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. En intégrant l’aviation aux systèmes ouverts d’échange de droits d’émission, on pourrait réduire efficacement les émissions, mais on ne saurait en attendre des réductions importantes des émissions de CO2 dans le transport aérien proprement dit. Enfin, le rapport recense les conditions économiques dans lesquelles le train à grande vitesse peut devenir un substitut concurrentiel de l’avion. Cependant il conclut que le rail offre seulement des possibilités limitées en matière de réduction des ; émissions de gaz à effet de serre sur la partie correspondante du marché des transports.

Air traffic --- Railway traffic --- Transportation --- Competition --- Transport --- Concurrence --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Transportation and state --- Aeronautics --- Airports --- High speed trains --- Law and legislation --- Economic aspects --- Bullet trains --- Metroliners --- Trains, High speed --- Turbotrains --- High speed ground transportation --- Railroad trains --- Aerodromes --- Air fields --- Air parks --- Air ports --- Airdromes --- Airfields --- Airparks --- Aerostation --- Air navigation --- Aviation --- Communication and traffic --- Aerodynamics --- Airships --- Astronautics --- Balloons --- Flight --- Flying-machines

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This book contains a synthesis of the fundamental disciplines and applications involved in the description and analysis of aircraft flight. It covers introductions into the fields of atmospheric properties, applied aerodynamics, aircraft propulsion, flight performance, and stability and control. Since it emphasizes the practical side of flight physics, attention is duly paid to the historical development of aviation and specific aeronautical technologies. The present text emphasizes the connection of all relevant aeronautical disciplines by presenting a carefully selected set of interrelated subjects. Most of these are treated by definitions of elementary concepts, descriptions of the various physical phenomena and mathematical derivations. Wherever possible and useful, explanations have been further clarified by including graphical illustrations, numerical examples and photographs. The main body of the text applies to aircraft operating at fairly low speeds, where the compressibility of the atmospheric air is of secondary importance. A separate chapter is devoted to flight speeds approaching and exceeding the speed of sound. The large variety of existing aircraft categories has been narrowed down to (fixed-wing) aeroplanes with conventional take-off and landing performances. Elements of helicopter flight are reviewed in a separate chapter. To encourage further reading, all nine chapters include a comprehensive list of related publications.

Aeronautics. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- Flight. --- Aeronautics --- Aerodynamics --- Flight --- Automotive Engineering --- Aeronautics Engineering & Astronautics --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Flying --- Aerostation --- Air navigation --- Aviation --- Engineering. --- History. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Engineering design. --- Automotive engineering. --- Automotive Engineering. --- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Engineering Design. --- History, general. --- Locomotion --- Communication and traffic --- Airships --- Astronautics --- Balloons --- Flying-machines --- Mechanics, applied. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Design, Engineering --- Engineering --- Industrial design --- Strains and stresses --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Design --- Aerodynamics. --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory