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A geopolymer is a solid aluminosilicate material usually formed by alkali hydroxide or alkali silicate activation of a solid precursor such as coal fly ash, calcined clay and/or metallurgical slag. Today the primary application of geopolymer technology is in the development of reduced-CO2 construction materials as an alternative to Portland-based cements. Geopolymers: structure, processing, properties and industrial applications reviews the latest research on and applications of these highly important materials.Part one discusses the synthesis and characterisation of geopolymers with c

Inorganic polymers. --- Soil cement. --- Polymer-impregnated cement. --- Cement --- Road materials --- Inorganic compounds --- Polymers --- Geopolymers --- Chemistry --- Polymers and Plastics

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Proceedings of 2009 GeoHunan International Conference, Challenges and Recent Advances in Pavement Technologies and Transportation Geotechnics, held in Changsha, Hunan, China, August 3-6, 2009. Hosted by Changsha University of Science and Technology, China. Sponsored by Geo-Institute of ASCE, USA; Asphalt Institute, USA; Central South University, China; Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering, Taiwan; Chongqing Jiaotong University, China; Deep Foundation Institute, USA; Federal Highway Administration, USA; Hunan University, China; International Society for Asphalt Pavements, USA; Jiangsu Transportation Research Institute, China; Korean Institute of Construction Technology, Korea; Korean Society of Road Engineers, Korea; Texas Department of Transportation, USA; Texas Transportation Institute, USA; and Transportation Research Board, USA. This Geotechnical Special Publication contains 21 peer-reviewed papers showcasing recent developments and advancements in geotechnical and pavement engineering and offering insights into future directions for geoengineering in the 21st century. Topics include: bridge deck pavement design and construction; and techniques and materials for Portland cement concrete pavement system.

Pavements, Concrete --- Concrete bridges --- Portland cement --- Design and construction --- Maintenance and repair --- Floors --- Analysis

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This paper analyzes the scope for systematic rules-based fiscal activism in open economies. Relative to a balanced budget rule, automatic stabilizers significantly improve welfare. But they minimize fiscal instrument volatility rather than business cycle volatility. A more aggressively countercyclical tax revenue gap rule increases welfare gains by around 50 percent, with only modest increases in fiscal instrument volatility. For raw materials revenue gaps the government should let automatic stabilizers work. The best fiscal instruments are targeted transfers, consumption taxes and labor taxes, or, if it enters private utility, government spending. The welfare gains are significantly lower for more open economies.

Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Fiscal policy. --- Economic policy. --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Government policy --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Investments: Metals --- Macroeconomics --- Fiscal Policy --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Labor Economics: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Labour --- income economics --- Fiscal policy --- Revenue administration --- Consumption --- Copper --- Labor --- Revenue --- Labor economics --- Chile

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The 2005 International Comparison Program's (ICP) estimates of economy-wide purchasing power parity (PPP) are based on parity estimates for 155 basic expenditure headings, mainly estimated using country product dummy (CPD) regressions. The estimates are potentially inefficient and open to omitted variable bias for two reasons. First, they use average prices across outlets as the left-hand-side variable. Second, quality-adjusted prices of non-comparable replacements, required when products in outlets do not match the required specifications, cannot be effectively included. This paper provides an analytical framework based on panel data and hedonic CPD regressions for ameliorating these sources of bias and inefficiency.

Purchasing power parity. --- Purchasing power. --- Current purchasing power --- Law of one price --- One price, Law of --- Parity, Purchasing power --- Consumption (Economics) --- Currency question --- Money --- Prices --- Cost and standard of living --- Income --- Money illusion --- Foreign exchange --- Investments: Metals --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Labor Economics: General --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Currency --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Investment & securities --- Purchasing power parity --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Labor --- Silver --- Price adjustments --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Labor economics --- United States

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Zambia’s nonperforming loans are expected to increase and banks have become more cautious in their lending. The staff report for the Zambia’s first and second reviews of the Three-Year Arrangement under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility and request for Waivers of Nonobservance of Performance Criteria, and Augmentation of Access is examined. The slowdown in external demand and uncertainty about the global outlook have negatively affected growth prospects and the balance of payments, and made the program targets for reserve accumulation unattainable.

Finance. --- International monetary system. --- International finance. --- International Monetary Fund. --- International monetary system --- International money --- Finance --- International economic relations --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Banks and Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Natural Resource Extraction --- Business and Financial --- Inflation --- Budgeting --- Monetary Policy --- Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Metals and Metal Products --- Cement --- Glass --- Ceramics --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Extractive industries --- Financial services law & regulation --- Budgeting & financial management --- International reserves --- Mining sector --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Public debt --- Metal prices --- Central banks --- Prices --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Mineral industries --- Finance, Public --- Debts, Public --- Metals --- Zambia