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This volume provides English translations of texts that form the essential background to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Presenting the projects of Kant's predecessors and contemporaries in eighteenth-century Germany, it enables readers to understand the positions that Kant might have identified with 'pure reason', the criticisms of pure reason that had developed prior to Kant's, and alternative attempts at synthesizing empiricist elements within a rationalist framework. The volume contains chapters on Christian Wolff, Martin Knutzen, Alexander Baumgarten, Christian Crusius, Leonhard Euler, Johann Lambert, Marcus Herz, Johann Eberhard, and Johann Tetens. Each chapter includes a brief introduction that provides succinct biographical and bibliographical information on these authors, a concise account of their projects, and information on the importance of these projects to Kant's First Critique. Extensive references to the First Critique, brought together in a concordance, highlight the potential relevance of each text.

Kant, Immanuel --- Causation --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Reason --- Mind --- Intellect --- Rationalism --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- History --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Arts and Humanities

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Causation. --- Metaphysics. --- Whitehead, Alfred North, --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, --- Causation --- Metaphysics --- God --- Ontology --- Philosophy --- Philosophy of mind --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm --- Whitehead, Alfred North

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Causation. --- Philosophy of nature. --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Natural law. --- Law of nature --- Natural rights --- Nature, Law of --- Rights, Natural --- Law --- Causation --- Chance --- Fate and fatalism --- Ontology --- Teleology --- Truth --- Nature --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy). --- Law of nature (Law) --- Nature, Law of (Law) --- Philosophy of nature --- Natural law

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All languages of the world provide their speakers with linguistic means to express causal relations in discourse. Causal connectives and causative auxiliaries are among the salient markers of causal construals. Cognitive scientists and linguists are interested in how much of this causal modeling is specific to a given culture and language, and how much is characteristic of general human cognition. Speakers of English, for example, can choose between because and since or between therefore and so. How different are these from the choices made by Dutch speakers, who speak a closely related language, but (unlike English speakers) have a dedicated marker for non-volitional causality (daardoor)? The central question in this volume is: What parameters of categorization shape the use of causal connectives and auxiliary verbs across languages? The book discusses how differences between even quite closely related languages (English, Dutch, Polish) can help us to elaborate the typology of levels and categories of causation represented in language. In addition, the volume demonstrates convergence of linguistic, corpus-linguistic and psycholinguistic methodologies in determining cognitive categories of causality. The basic notion of causality appears to be an ideal linguistic phenomenon to provide an overview of methods and, perhaps more importantly, invoke a discussion on the most adequate methodological approaches to study fundamental issues in language and cognition.

Causation. --- Causative (Linguistics). --- Psycholinguistics. --- Causative (Linguistics) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Speech --- Causative constructions --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology --- Causal relations (Linguistics) --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Linguistics --- Thought and thinking --- Syntax --- Cognitive Llinguistics. --- Discourse Analysis. --- Text Linguistics.

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Kant’s "Critique of Pure Reason" is so outstanding among modern philosophical works, that it can be termed "the" foundation of modern philosophy. Schopenhauer termed it "the most important book ever to have been written in Europe." Otfried Höffe guides the reader through the "Critique" one step at a time, expounding Kant’s thoughts, submitting them to an interpretation and drawing a summary conclusion, placing the work and its topics within the context of its modern successors. A "critical" interpretation of Kant’s text reveals that he had something to say on many discussions that are said to have originated after his death. Reducing his argumentation to its central tenets, it can be made stronger and applicable to current problems. Kant’s eventual concern, however, even when writing theoretical philosophy, lay with the practical. Elaborating this concern and its connection to Kant’s theoretical philosophy is a prime tenet of this book.

Kant, Immanuel, 1724-1804. Kritik der reinen Vernunft. --- Philosophers. --- Philosophy. --- Philosophy & Religion --- Philosophy --- Causation. --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Reason. --- Kant, Immanuel, --- Mind --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Psychology --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Intellect --- Rationalism --- Philosophy (General). --- Genetic epistemology. --- Ethics. --- Philosophy, general. --- History of Philosophy. --- Epistemology. --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Values --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Philosophy—History. --- Moral Philosophy and Applied Ethics.