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"This paper studies the causes and consequences of informality and applies the analysis to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. It starts with a discussion on the definition and measures of informality, as well as on the reasons why widespread informality should be of great concern. The paper analyzes informality's main determinants, arguing that informality is not single-caused but results from the combination of poor public services, a burdensome regulatory regime, and weak monitoring and enforcement capacity by the state. This combination is especially explosive when the country suffers from low educational achievement and features demographic pressures and primary production structures. Using cross-country regression analysis, the paper evaluates the empirical relevance of each determinant of informality. It then applies the estimated relationships to most countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in order to assess the country-specific relevance of each proposed mechanism. "--World Bank web site.

Informal sector (Economics

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Finance --- Financial institutions --- Informal sector (Economics)

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Le secteur informel prive les États de recettes publiques et les salariés de protection sociale. Cependant, il constitue souvent la partie la plus dynamique de l’économie et crée massivement des emplois. L’emploi informel est omniprésent et croissant. La crise financière qui a débuté en 2008 a fait de la gestion de l’emploi informel un sujet encore plus brûlant. Il est impératif de répondre à ce nouveau défi, non seulement pour le bien-être de millions de salariés mais aussi pour le développement social. Cet ouvrage donne des indications aux responsables politiques sur les moyens de traiter cette question d’une importance essentielle pour les pays en développement comme pour les pays industrialisés. « Dans des pays comme la Chine, l’ampleur exceptionnelle des migrations rurales vers les villes amplifie les problèmes posés par l’économie informelle. Ces travaux offrent des résultats analytiques précieux pour la compréhension de cette transformation majeure, de ses problèmes et de ses impacts. »               Professeur Li Shi, Université Normale de Pékin « Cet ouvrage constitue une contribution importante aux débats actuels de politique économique sur l’économie informelle. Il recommande l’attribution d’aides aux travailleurs pauvres de l’économie informelle, ce qui permettrait de rendre les structures formelles plus efficientes, plus souples et plus créatrices d’emplois formels ».               Professeur Marty Chen, Harvard Kennedy School et WIEGO « Les qualités de cet ouvrage sont nombreuses : des données  montrant que « l’économie informelle est normale » ; des références à de nombreuses études et modes de pensée plus récents ; la stratégie cohérente à trois volets ; l’accessibilité. Ce livre servira de référence dans les travaux sur l’économie informelle au cours des années à venir ».               Professeur Gary Fields, Université de Cornell  

Labor market --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Supply and demand

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This book employs an ethnographic approach to understand the evolution of jua kali (Swahili for ""hot sun"") art forms, especially in response to the international tourism industry. The importance of ethnicity to Lamu's jua kali artists and the ways that ethnic identity is expressed visually in their artwork offers a unique approach to analyzing processes of cultural commoditization.

Art and society -- Kenya -- Lamu. --- Art, Kenyan -- Kenya -- Lamu. --- Artisans -- Kenya -- Lamu. --- Ethnicity in art. --- Informal sector (Economics) -- Kenya -- Lamu. --- Lamu (Kenya) -- Social conditions. --- Tourism and art -- Kenya -- Lamu. --- Art and society --- Tourism and art --- Art, Kenyan --- Ethnicity in art --- Artisans --- Informal sector (Economics) --- Visual Arts --- Art, Architecture & Applied Arts --- Visual Arts - General --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Economics --- Small business --- Artizans --- Craftsmen --- Craftspeople --- Craftspersons --- Skilled labor --- Cottage industries --- Kenyan art --- Art and tourism --- Tourist trade and art --- Art --- Art and sociology --- Society and art --- Sociology and art --- Social aspects --- Lamu (Kenya) --- Social conditions.

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This survey assembles recent theoretical and empirical advances in the literature on economic informality and analyzes the causes and costs of informality in developed and developing economies. Using recent evidence, the survey discusses the nature and roots of informal economic activity across countries, distinguishing between informality as the result of "exclusion" and "exit." The survey provides an extensive review of recent international experience with policies aimed at reducing informality, in particular, policies that facilitate the formalization process, create a framework for the tra

Informal sector (Economics) --- Economic development. --- Secteur informel (Economie politique) --- Développement économique --- Economic development --- Industrial Management --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Développement économique --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Hidden economy --- Parallel economy --- Second economy --- Shadow economy --- Subterranean economy --- Underground economy --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Artisans --- Small business