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There is still a widespread belief that microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, protists, and small multicellulars, have a cosmopolitan distribution due to a presumed easy dispersal by wind and water. However, the contributions collected in this book – ranging from protists to rotifers and mosses – show that microorganisms have community structures and biogeographies similar to those found in animals and vascular plants, although the ranges of many can be wider and local endemism is rarer. Accordingly, the cosmopolitan distribution model of Finlay & Fenchel is to be replaced by the moderate endemicity model of Foissner, which assumes that one third of microscopic organisms are morphological and/or genetic endemics. This has far-reaching consequences for estimates of the number of species and their conservation. There is convincing evidence that we know only about 20% of the actual diversity in many protist groups, especially saprotrophs and heterotrophs such as amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates. It is probable that this great diversity of microscopic organisms is caused by low extinction rates over geological time, and short generation times which foster dispersal of genetic variants. That the great diversity of microorganisms has remained unrecognized for such a long time has several reasons, of which the most serious is a shortage of taxonomists. Considering the dramatic losses of habitats occurring, especially in the tropics, a large portion of the Earth’s protist biodiversity will disappear before it has been discovered. Reprinted from Biodiversity and Conservation, volume 17:2 (2008).

Protista -- Ecology. --- Protista -- Geographical distribution. --- Protista. --- Protozoa. --- Protista --- Biology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Ecology --- Geographical distribution --- Microbial diversity. --- Microbiology. --- Protozoans --- Protozoons --- Protists --- Microbial biology --- Diversity, Microbial --- Microbiodiversity --- Microbiological diversity --- Life sciences. --- Ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Conservation biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Conservation Biology/Ecology. --- Microorganisms --- Invertebrates --- Protozoology --- Unicellular organisms --- Eukaryotic cells --- Biodiversity --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Nature conservation --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology .

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The third and final installment of Daniel J. Klionsky's new three-volume treatment of autophagy, this volume focuses on monitoring autophagy with regard to disease connections, and presents methods that can be used to analyze autophagy in clinical samples. Edited by one of the leading authorities in the field, this volume and its companion volumes, Autophagy: Lower Eukaryotes and Autophagy in Mammalian Systems, provide a comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in studying autophagy in eukaryotes and simple animal systems, mammalian cells and non-human animals, and humans. Pa

Apoptosis. --- Autophagocytosis. --- Cell death. --- Homeostasis. --- Disease --- Autophagy --- Lysosomes --- Phagocytosis --- Cytoplasmic Vesicles --- Pathologic Processes --- Cell Death --- Organelles --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Endocytosis --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Cytoplasmic Structures --- Diseases --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Cytoplasm --- Phenomena and Processes --- Intracellular Space --- Cellular Structures --- Cells --- Anatomy --- Animal Biochemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Autophagic vacuoles. --- Eukaryotic cells. --- Eucaryotic cells --- Cell degeneration --- Autophagocytosis --- Protista --- Death (Biology)