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The fact that tobacco ingestion can affect how people feel and think has been known for millennia, placing the plant among those used spiritually, honori?cally, and habitually (Corti 1931; Wilbert 1987). However, the conclusion that nicotine - counted for many of these psychopharmacological effects did not emerge until the nineteenth century (Langley 1905). This was elegantly described by Lewin in 1931 as follows: The decisive factor in the effects of tobacco, desired or undesired, is nicotine. . . (Lewin 1998). The use of nicotine as a pharmacological probe to und- stand physiological functioning at the dawn of the twentieth century was a landmark in the birth of modern neuropharmacology (Limbird 2004; Halliwell 2007), and led the pioneering researcher John Langley to conclude that there must exist some - ceptive substance  to explain the diverse actions of various substances, including nicotine, when applied to muscle tissue (Langley 1905). Research on tobacco and nicotine progressed throughout the twentieth century, but much of this was from a general pharmacological and toxicological rather than a psychopharmacological perspective (Larson et al. 1961). There was some attention to the effects related to addiction, such as euphoria (Johnston 1941), tolerance (Lewin 1931), and withdrawal (Finnegan et al. 1945), but outside of research supported by the tobacco industry, addiction and psychopharmacology were not major foci for research (Slade et al. 1995; Hurt and Robertson 1998; Henning?eld et al. 2006; Henning?eld and Hartel 1999; Larson et al. 1961).

Nicotin --- Nicotin. --- Nicotine --- Nicotine. --- Pharmakologie. --- Psychopharmacology --- Psychopharmacology. --- Psychopharmakologie. --- Tobacco Use Disorder --- Pharmakologie --- Psychopharmakologie --- Physiological effect. --- pharmacology. --- methods. --- physiopathology.

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Tobacco kills more people worldwide than any legal or illegal drug; the collective benefits of quitting smoking are plentiful, from improved health, increased life expectancy, and fewer sick days to less stress on families and health care providers. Tobacco use and addiction depend on the complex interplay of neurochemical, genetic, personal, and social factors—and nicotine, as the principal psychoactive ingredient in tobacco smoke, stands at the center of this equation. The Motivational Impact of Nicotine and Its Role in Tobacco Use assembles papers from the 55th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation in a multidimensional analysis of nicotine at work. These papers present data, theories, and findings useful in understanding not only the mechanisms behind tobacco dependence and resistance to quitting, but also the issues involved in smoking cessation, initial use prevention, and relapse prevention. Some of the key areas covered include: Molecular and neurobiological perspectives on the motivational effects of nicotine. The motivational components of nicotine dependence and the import of learning history. The role of nicotine in making environmental cues associated with smoking more reinforcing. The effects of pharmaco- and immunotherapies on the ability of psychological cues to influence smoking behavior. Sex differences in nicotine reinforcement and their implications for treatment. The importance of craving in the maintenance of smoking behavior and in its relapse after quitting. Given the continued impact of smoking on public health, The Motivational Impact of Nicotine and Its Role in Tobacco Use will attract a wide audience. This cutting-edge information is vital to the clinical psychologist, researcher, and policymaker involved in developing more efficient therapies, more effective treatment products, better delivery systems, or new avenues for research. About the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation The Nebraska Symposium on Motivation has been sponsored by the Department of Psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln since 1953. Each year the Symposium invites leading scholars from around the world to speak at a conference devoted to a topic of current interest to psychology, the proceedings of which are published in an edited volume.

Motivation (Psychology). --- Nicotine addiction. --- Tobacco use. --- Nicotine addiction --- Tobacco use --- Motivation (Psychology) --- Motivation --- Nicotine --- Tobacco Use Disorder --- Emotional Intelligence --- Pyridines --- Substance-Related Disorders --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Solanaceous Alkaloids --- Intelligence --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- Alkaloids --- Diseases --- Mental Disorders --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Personality --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Psychology --- Substance Abuse Disorders --- Social Change --- Psychiatry --- Social Sciences --- Sociology & Social History --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cigarette habit --- Nicotine dependence --- Tobacco addiction --- Tobacco dependence --- Action, Psychology of --- Drive (Psychology) --- Psychology of action --- Tobacco habit --- Psychology. --- Personality. --- Social psychology. --- Personality and Social Psychology. --- Mass psychology --- Psychology, Social --- Human ecology --- Social groups --- Sociology --- Personal identity --- Personality psychology --- Personality theory --- Personality traits --- Personology --- Traits, Personality --- Individuality --- Persons --- Self --- Temperament --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Human biology --- Philosophy --- Soul --- Mental health --- Habit --- Substance abuse --- Drug addiction --- Tabagisme --- Motivation (Psychologie) --- Consciousness. --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Spirit --- Difference (Psychology). --- Personality and Differential Psychology. --- Differential psychology --- Psychology, Differential --- Differentiation (Developmental psychology)