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Syriac Christians --- Syriac literature --- Littérature syriaque --- History and criticism --- Histoire et critique --- Syria --- Civilization --- Church history --- Syriac renaissance --- Christianity --- 281.81 --- 281.81 Chaldeeuwse Kerk: Oost-Syrische, Assyrische, Perzische christenen --- Chaldeeuwse Kerk: Oost-Syrische, Assyrische, Perzische christenen --- Conferences - Meetings --- Syriac renaissance. --- Christianity. --- Littérature syriaque --- Middle Eastern literature --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- Syrie --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- Congresses --- Syriac literature - History and criticism - Congresses --- Syria - Civilization - Congresses --- Syria - Church history - Congresses

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This book examines the causes and courses of the series of wars in the Hellenistic period fought between the kingdom of the Seleukids and the Ptolemies over possession of Syria. This is a subject always mentioned by historians of the period in a glancing or abbreviated way, but which is actually wholly central to the development of both kingdoms and of the period as a whole. Other than relatively brief summaries no serious account has ever been produced. This extended consideration will bring to the centre of research on the Hellinistic period this long sequence of wars. Arguably they were the basic causes of the failure of both kingdoms in the face of Roman aggression and interference.

Seleucids --- History --- Ptolemaic dynasty, --- Syria --- History, Military --- History. --- History, Military. --- Séleucides --- Syrie --- Histoire militaire --- Histoire --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- Seleucids - History --- Ptolemaic dynasty, - 305-30 B.C. --- Syria - History, Military --- Syria - History - 333 B.C.-634 A.D.

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Friedman offers new and updated research on the Nusayrī-‘Alawī sect, today a leading group in Syria, covering a variety of aspects and focusing on the Middle Ages. A century after Dussaud's Histoire et religion des Nosairîs (1900), he reviews the history and religion of the sect in the light of old documents used by orientalists in the nineteenth century, documents that became available in the twentieth century, and later sources of the Nuṣayrī-‘Alawī sect published most recently in Lebanon. Also studied in depth for the first time is the question of the identity of the sect through the ‘Alawī-Sunnī-Shī‘ī triangle.

Nosairians --- Minorities --- History --- Religion --- Ethnic identity --- Social conditions --- Syria --- Ethnic relations --- Religious life and customs --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Alawis --- Alawites --- ʻAlawīyīn --- Alouite --- Ansarii --- Ansaris --- Nossarii --- Nusairis --- Nusayri-Alawis --- Nusayris --- Ethnology --- Shīʻah --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- Syrie --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- Ethnic relations. --- Religious life and customs. --- History. --- Religion. --- Ethnic identity. --- Social conditions. --- Nosairians - Syria - History --- Nosairians - Syria - Religion --- Nosairians - Syria - Ethnic identity --- Nosairians - Syria - Social conditions --- Minorities - Syria - Case studies --- Syria - Ethnic relations --- Syria - Religious life and customs

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'A work of impressive scholarship, offering new insights into and understanding of the impact of Ottoman reforms on the restructuring of the Syrian Jewish community. The anecdotal material is fascinating and the questioning of old stereotypes is important. It is not a study that will be easily surpassed: it represents many years of serious scholarship and the ability to challenge some old views with new data. It is definitely a book that anyone teaching Middle Eastern Jewry should read and assign to students. Descendants of that community in America should welcome its insights into their history and culture.'

Jews --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- History --- Social conditions --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Cultural assimilation --- Syria --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- Syrie --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- Ethnic relations.

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This volume brings together some thirty essays in a Festschrift in honour of Abdul-Karim Rafeq, the leading historian of Ottoman Syria, touching on themes in socio-economic history which have been Rafeq's principal academic concerns.

Rafeq, Abdul-Karim --- Rāfiq, ʻAbd al-Karīm --- ʻAbd al-Karīm Rāfiq --- Abdul-Karim Rafeq --- رافق، عبد الکريم --- رافق، عبدالكريم --- رافق. عبد الكريم --- Syria --- Turkey --- Anatolia --- Anatolie --- Ānātūlī --- Asia Minor --- Asia Minore --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Turk Uls --- Buturuki --- Cộng hoà Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Dēmokratia tēs Tourkias --- Devlet-i Aliye Osmaniye --- Durka --- Durkka dásseváldi --- Gweriniaeth Twrci --- Jamhuri ya Uturuki --- Jamhuuriyada Turki --- Jumhūrīyah al-Turkīyah --- Komara Tirkiyeyê --- Lýðveldið Turkaland --- Lýðveldið Tyrkland --- Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Túrkì --- Osmanlı İmparatorluğu --- Osmanskai︠a︡ Imperii︠a︡ --- Ottoman Empire --- Pobblaght ny Turkee --- Poblacht na Tuirce --- Repóbblica d'l Turchî --- Repubbleche de Turchie --- Repubblica di Turchia --- Republic of Turkey --- Republic of Türkiye --- República da Turquia --- Republica de Turchia --- Republica de Turquía --- Republica Turcia --- Republiek Turkeye --- Republiek Turkije --- Republiek van Turkye --- Republik bu Tirki --- Republik Tierkei --- Republik Turkäi --- Republik Türkei --- Républik Turki --- Republik Turkia --- Republika e Turqisë --- Republika ng Turkiya --- Repùblika Tërecczi --- Republika Turcija --- Republika Turcji --- Republika Turcyje --- Republika Turecko --- Republika Turkiya --- Republika Turkojska --- Republika Turska --- Republika Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Republiḳah ha-Ṭurḳiyah --- Republiken Turkiet --- Republikken Tyrkia --- Republikken Tyrkiet --- République de Turquie --- République turque --- Repuvlika de Turkiya --- Ripablik kya Buturuki --- Ripoliku Turkiyakondre --- T.C. (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti) --- Tagduda n Tturk --- TC --- Teki --- Tëreckô --- Ṭerḳay --- Ṭerḳishe Republiḳ --- Thekhi --- Thỏ̂ Nhĩ Kỳ --- Thú-ngí-khì --- Tiakei --- Tierkei --- Tiki --- Tirki --- Tırkiya --- Tirkiye --- Ti︠u︡rk --- Ti︠u︡rk Respublika --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ --- Ti︠u︡rkii︠a︡ Respublika --- Tlacatlahtocayotl Turquia --- Tʻŏkʻi --- T'ŏk'i Konghwaguk --- Tʼóok Bikéyah --- Torkėjė --- Tȯrkiă --- Törkie --- Törkieë --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ --- Tȯrkii︠a︡ Jȯmḣu̇rii︠a︡te --- Török Köztársaság --- Törökország --- Toruko --- Toruko Kyōwakoku --- Tourkia --- Tourkikē Dēmokratia --- Tturk --- Tu er qi gong he guo --- Tū-ī-gì --- Tū-ī-gì Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók --- Tu'erqi --- Tu'erqi gong he guo --- Tu'erqi Gongheguo --- Tuirc --- Tunkī --- Turchî --- Turchia --- Turchie --- Turchy Respublikæ --- Turcia --- Turcija --- Turcijas Republika --- Turcja --- Turcland --- Turcyjo --- Turechchyna --- Turecká republika --- Turecko --- Tureke --- Turet︠s︡ka Respublika --- Turėtskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Tureuki --- Türgi --- Türgi Vabariik --- Türgü --- Türgü Vabariik --- Turk --- Turkäi --- Turkaland --- Turkamastor --- Türkän --- Turkanʹ respubliksʹ --- Turkee --- Türkei --- Turkeya --- Turkeye --- Turki --- Turkia --- Turkia Respubliko --- Turkieë --- Turkiet --- Turkii --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ --- Tu̇rkii︠a︡ Respublikasy --- Tu̇rkiĭė --- Tu̇rkiĭė Respublikata --- Turkija --- Turkije --- Turkin tasavalta --- Turkio --- Turkiyā --- Turkiya Republika --- Türkiyä Respublikası --- Turkiyah --- Turkiyakondre --- Türkiye --- Türkiye Cumhuriyeti --- Türkiýe Respublikasy --- Turkki --- Turkojska --- Turkowska --- Turkujo --- Turkya --- Turkyah --- Turkye --- Turqia --- Turquía --- Turquie (Repupblic) --- Turska --- Turtchie --- Turt︠s︡i --- Turt︠s︡i Respubliki --- Turt︠s︡iĭ --- Turt︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Turtsyi︠a︡ --- Turukiya --- Tuykia --- Twrci --- Tyrkia --- Tyrkiet --- Tyrkland --- Tẏrt︠s︡i --- Uturuki --- Vysokai︠a︡ Porta --- Whenua Korukoru --- Τουρκική Δημοκρατία --- Τουρκία --- Δημοκρατία της Τουρκίας --- Република Турска --- Република Турция --- Република Турција --- Турска --- Турцыя --- Турци --- Турци Республики --- Турция --- Турција --- Турций --- Турція --- Турчы Республикæ --- Турэцкая Рэспубліка --- Турк --- Туркань республиксь --- Туркамастор --- Турецька Республіка --- Турецка Республіка --- Турецкая Республика --- Туреччина --- Тюрк --- Тюрк Республика --- Тюркия --- Тюркия Республика --- רפובליקה הטורקית --- תורכיה --- טערקישע רעפובליק --- טערקיי --- טורקיה --- تركيا --- جمهورية التركية --- トルコ --- トルコ共和国 --- 土耳其 --- 土耳其共和國 --- 터키 --- 터키 공화국 --- Sirii︠a︡ --- Iqlīm al-Sūrī (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Shamālī (United Arab Republic) --- Syrian Region (United Arab Republic) --- سوريا --- Sūriyā --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- République arabe syrienne --- Sowria --- Syrie --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- SAR --- Suryah --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Syrien --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- جمهورية العربية السورية --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- Сірыя --- Siryi︠a︡ --- Сірыйская Арабская Рэспубліка --- Siryĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Сирийската арабска република --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Συρία --- Αραβική Δημοκρατία της Συρίας --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- 시리아 --- Siria --- סוריה --- רפובליקה הערבית הסורית --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- シリア --- Shiria --- Сирия --- Сирийская Арабская Республика --- Siriĭskai︠a︡ Arabskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Сирія --- Syrii︠a︡ --- Сирійська Арабська республіка --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- 敘利亞 --- Xuliya --- United Arab Republic --- History --- Rafeq, Abdul-Karim. --- رافق، عبد الكريم، --- היסטוריה --- التاريخ