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In recent decades, alternatives to the established bubonic-plague theory have been presented as to the microbiologcal identity and mechanism(s) of spread of historical plague epidemics. In this monograph, the six important alternative theories are intensively discussed in the light of the historical sources, the central primary studies and standard works on bubonic plague and the alternative microbiological agents, insofar as they are testable. These seven theories are incompatible and at least six of them must be untenable. In the author’s opinion, the arguments against the bubonic-plague theory and for all alternative theories are untenable. This monograph therefore also has been written also as a standard work on bubonic plague, giving a broad and in-depth presentation of the medical, epidemiological and historical evidence and the methodological tenets for identification of historical diseases by comparison with modern medical knowledge.

Plague --- Communicable diseases --- Microbiology. --- Epidemiology. --- History. --- Bubonic plague --- Yersinia infections

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Plague was one of the enduring facts of everyday life on the European continent, from earliest antiquity through the first decades of the eighteenth century. It represents one of the most important influences on the development of Europe’s society and culture. In order to understand the changing circumstances of the political, economic, ecclesiastical, artistic, and social history of that continent, it is important to understand epidemic disease and society’s response to it.To date, the largest portion of scholarship about plague has focused on its political, economic, demographic, and medical aspects. This interdisciplinary volume offers greater coverage of the religious and the psychological dimensions of plague and of European society’s response to it through many centuries and over a wide geographical terrain, including Byzantium. This research draws extensively upon a wealth of primary sources, both printed and painted, and includes ample bibliographical reference to the most important secondary sources, providing much new insight into how generations of Europeans responded to this dread disease.

Mountain people --- Social conflict --- Government, Resistance to --- Industrialization --- Lumber trade --- Lumber industry --- Timber industry --- Forest products industry --- Lumbering --- Industrial development --- Economic development --- Economic policy --- Deindustrialization --- Hill people --- Hillbillies --- Mountaineers (Ethnology) --- Ethnology --- Civil resistance --- Non-resistance to government --- Resistance to government --- Political science --- Political violence --- Insurgency --- Nonviolence --- Revolutions --- Class conflict --- Class struggle --- Conflict, Social --- Social tensions --- Interpersonal conflict --- Social psychology --- Sociology --- History --- Social aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Missouri Lumber and Mining Company --- Missouri --- Ozark Mountains Region --- State of Missouri --- US-MO --- MO (State) --- Missouri Territory --- Social conditions --- Plague --- Piety --- Religious aspects --- History. --- Christian life --- Spiritual life --- Plague. --- Piety. --- Bubonic plague --- Yersinia infections --- Religious aspects. --- Europe. --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Council of Europe countries --- Political resistance