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Australia --- Economic conditions. --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy.
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Globalization --- China --- India --- Economic conditions --- Economic conditions
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Women --- Employment --- Economic conditions.
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Tämä vihkonen sisältää kiinnostavia perustietoja mm. sosiaalisista, taloudellisista ja kulttuurisista olosuhteista eri Pohjoismaissa. Tiedot on koottu Statistical yearbook/Nordisk statistisk årsbok 2009 -julkaisusta.
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Motivation and approach. Last year's major reforms of the Fund's lending instruments, together with the commitment to treble its resources, made a significant contribution to global stabilization as Fund lending created room for policy accommodation and helped countries weather the worst of the crisis. While these reforms have yielded positive results, it is appropriate to ask-as the IMFC has-whether there is scope to build on this experience. This paper tries to answer this question, including by drawing on the lessons of the crisis, as perceived by policymakers, market participants, and academic observers, with whom Fund staff has consulted extensively. While every effort has been made to explore the pros and cons of various reform options neutrally, some options are clearly more evolutionary (e.g., those building on last year's headline introduction of the Flexible Credit Line or FCL), while others are of a more radical nature (e.g., Fund provision of pure insurance payouts or collateralized lending). This paper focuses on the former, covering the latter set of ideas in a supplement. Once the Executive Board has had a chance to comment on all options, a more defined and specific set of proposals could be developed by staff for further consideration.
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This book explains that efforts to reverse Africa's continuing underdevelopment have failed to date because they have not been consciously aimed at enabling Africa to turn its vast natural resources into wealth; here, Malunga proposes a five step strategy enabling the continent revolutionize and improve the system.
Africa --- Economic conditions --- Forecasting.
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"The Korean peninsula during the Cold War provided a cruel but historically unparalleled real-world "experiment" in the relationship between polity and material advance: an ethnically and culturally homogenous nation was, in 1945, suddenly divided by an arbitrary boundary line and then subjected to two radically different and adversarial political economies for successive decades on end. Assessing the competition between the North and South Korean economies from partition to the end of the Soviet era, Nicholas Eberstadt argues that the storyline is not quite as simple as the now-prevailing narrative suggests (that centrally-planned economies are doomed to fail against market-oriented alternatives). Rather, he suggests, the race for material progress was just that: a race, the results of which were far from preordained at the outset. In Policy and Economic Performance in Divided Korea during the Cold War Era: 1945-91, Eberstadt presents an impressive compilation of hard-to-find comparative data on economic performance for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, or North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK, or South Korea) over two critical generations. By a number of indicators, Eberstadt argues, Kim Il Sung's North Korea actually outperformed South Korea for much of this period -- not only in the years immediately following partition, but perhaps also into the 1970s. To explain these surprising results, Eberstadt details the impact of government policies on the course of growth of both economies and offers some unorthodox observations about material performance under these two contending polities. He finds that prevailing economic development theory on such issues as planned-versus-market economies, military burden, and the relationship between material advance and poverty, may require reexamination in light of the experience of the two Koreas between partition and the end of the Cold War." --Back cover.
Korea (North) --- Korea (South) --- Korea (South) --- Korea (South) --- Economic conditions. --- Economic conditions --- Economic conditions --- Economic conditions
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