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Whether hailed as heroes or cast as threats to social order, entrepreneurs--and their innovations--have had an enormous influence on the growth and prosperity of nations. The Invention of Enterprise gathers together, for the first time, leading economic historians to explore the entrepreneur's role in society from antiquity to the present. Addressing social and institutional influences from a historical context, each chapter examines entrepreneurship during a particular period and in an important geographic location. The book chronicles the sweeping history of enterprise in Mesopotamia and Neo-Babylon; carries the reader through the Islamic Middle East; offers insights into the entrepreneurial history of China, Japan, and Colonial India; and describes the crucial role of the entrepreneur in innovative activity in Europe and the United States, from the medieval period to today. In considering the critical contributions of entrepreneurship, the authors discuss why entrepreneurial activities are not always productive and may even sabotage prosperity. They examine the institutions and restrictions that have enabled or impeded innovation, and the incentives for the adoption and dissemination of inventions. They also describe the wide variations in global entrepreneurial activity during different historical periods and the similarities in development, as well as entrepreneurship's role in economic growth. The book is filled with past examples and events that provide lessons for promoting and successfully pursuing contemporary entrepreneurship as a means of contributing to the welfare of society. The Invention of Enterprise lays out a definitive picture for all who seek an understanding of innovation's central place in our world.

Entrepreneurship --- History --- -338.0409 --- World history --- 331.100 --- 338.040 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden --- Ondernemingen: algemeenheden --- E-books --- Commerce. --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- History. --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants --- Entrepreneurship - History

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The volume presents and discusses a variety of recent developments and achievements in research on entrepreneurship. It aims at taking a systematic analysis of the theory and practice of entrepreneurship, especially in regard to nurturing strategic systems, governance arrangements, and evolutionary paths in organizations. Bringing together the insights of an international recognized array of academics, entrepreneurs, and executives, New Frontiers in Entrepreneurship focuses on two key themes: (1) connecting developments in entrepreneurship to current strategy thinking and practice; and (2) generating new and innovative ways to cultivate and develop entrepreneurial processes in new ventures and established enterprises. Exploring such topics as the integration of entrepreneurial and strategic thinking, corporate governance of new ventures and spin-offs, business-university alliances, IPO performance, the impact of Open Source, the role of science and technology in new firm formation, and the emergence of the entrepreneurial society. In the process, the authors demonstrate how entrepreneurship promotes organizational genesis, growth, and rejuvenation on a practical level, and consider on the research side how entrepreneurship has developed from a peripheral sub-field of management studies into one of the most relevant spheres of strategic management.

Economic growth --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- Developing countries: economic development problems --- Business policy --- Business management --- ondernemingsstrategieën --- management --- ontwikkelingssamenwerking --- economische groei --- organisatiecultuur --- strategisch beleid --- ondernemen --- Entrepreneurship --- 338.040 --- 650 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Entrepreneur --- Intrapreneur --- Capitalism --- Business incubators --- Ondernemingen: algemeenheden --- Theorieën en grondbeginselen. Management

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International trade --- #SBIB:316.334.2A460 --- Arbeidssociologie: patronale strategieën: algemeen --- Buitenlandse handel. Internationale handel --- #SBIB:33H071 --- 339.5 --- 338.040 --- 382.10 --- AA / International- internationaal --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Economische internationale betrekkingen --- Ondernemingen: algemeenheden --- Theorieën van internationale en interregionale handel: algemeenheden. Comparatieve voordelen --- Foreign trade. International trade --- International trade - Handbooks, manuals, etc

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The lifecycle of businesses is complicated. Right from birth, businesses experience not just opportunities but also many hurdles. The primary obstacle for all businesses is access to capital; drawing from a variety of fields and research perspectives, this book presents four scientific studies that explore the implications of financial constraints at different stages of the firm's life cycle. The first study focuses on the financial challenges to the nascent entrepreneur - someone who is planning to, or has just started their business. Do all innovative ideas get financed? No, primarily because their innovativeness cannot be proven. Through a study of 900 nascent entrepreneurs, this chapter demonstrates how the appropriability and feasibility of an innovation can be proven by using patents and prototypes in a signaling fashion. The second study asks: Do all who patent, do it for money? Who patents apart from nascent entrepreneurs? Outside of the purely commercial arena, using a database of 2500 scientists, this study argues that scientists are driven to patent to gain prestige and reputation, as well as for purely financial motivations, and considers the implications for the strategic function in financial matters that patents play for the firm. The next chapter looks at the firm life cycle in the second stage. After start-up, they reach the stage of becoming a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME), perhaps employing up to 250 employees. This is the stage when other factors, such a location, become important for SME growth. The same holds true for finance too. Working capital requirements increase, increasing the need for SMEs to gain more finance from outside their firms. Where would they go to? Does geographical dispersion of lending institutions have an effect on financial management of the firms? This study demonstrates that very-local lending institutions, especially credit unions, increase the likelihood that firms will diversify their capital structure. Be it credit rationing or monitoring costs being pushed to the customers, large lending institutions keep away SMEs. During times of crisis, the trend may become stronger, in that local communities play crucial role in SME financing and banks may turn more hostile. The concluding chapter considers the implications of start-up financing for economic growth and development. Innovation, regional finance and signaling aspects might all work in an economic conditions where there are efficient institutions, including judiciary. Developing economies, however, often lack efficient institutions, and thus innovation might face greater barriers on this angle when coupled with financial constraints. This study, for the first time ever, shows that innovativeness of firms in developing economies, in affected by corruption, usually in the form of bribes. The interesting aspect is that the effect is not always detrimental. Studying 2500 African firms, the author argues that corruption negatively affects product and organizational innovation while it encourages the use of marketing innovation. To sum up, this book shows that the present crisis may provide innovators an opportunity to present the true value of their innovation to pursue their dreams of starting a firm. Local communities do matter and must not be forgotten as they provide cushion for most of our SMEs. Developing countries must make their institutions efficient to follow the development pattern fuelled by innovation.

Finance --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Business management --- financieel management --- ondernemingsstrategieën --- economische politiek --- sociale interventies --- ondernemen --- Business planning --- Entrepreneurship --- New business enterprises --- 336.80 --- 338.040 --- 338.043 --- 658.41 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Entrepreneur --- Intrapreneur --- Capitalism --- Business incubators --- Business enterprises --- Business plans --- Corporate planning --- Corporate strategy --- Corporations --- Strategy, Corporate --- Planning --- Strategic planning --- Economic aspects --- Theorieën over de financiële tegemoetkomingen van de Staat --- Ondernemingen: algemeenheden --- Technologische vooruitgang. Automatisering. Computers. Werkgelegenheid en informatica --- Herkomst van het kapitaal der bedrijven