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Strong earthquakes strike frequently countries in East Asia and the Pacific, causing building collapses and extensive damage to infrastructure and, when centered near populated areas, heavy life losses. Urban areas, with their increasing concentrations of population and infrastructure, are particularly at risk from catastrophic losses with far-reaching economic repercussions and human loss. The next earthquake and other large earthquakes in the East Asia region in the near future are inevitable. This paper aims at delivering the best science, risk analysis, and engineering available to help policy makers and particularly those directly responsible for mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery to anticipate and prepare for earthquakes and build safer, more resilient societies. In particular, this paper emphasizes the strengthening of existing schools, hospitals and specific infrastructure that should result in the largest possible life loss reduction and the largest possible financial loss reduction in the public sector. The objective of this paper is to help to reduce earthquake risk through promoting safer construction, disseminating good practice for new and existing infrastructure, increasing the level of preparedness, and, particularly, promoting a decrease in existing risk and saving lives through strengthening of existing important public infrastructure.

Building Codes --- Dams --- Disasters --- Earthquakes --- Emergency Preparedness --- Environment --- Hazard Risk Management --- Insurance --- Landslides --- Natural Disasters --- Power Plants --- Public Health --- Quality Assurance --- Risk Assessment --- Savings --- Tsunamis --- Urban Areas --- Urban Development

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Earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms are natural hazards, but unnatural disasters are the deaths and damages that result from human acts of omission and commission. Every disaster is unique, but each exposes actions-by individuals and governments at different levels-that, had they been different, would have resulted in fewer deaths and less damage. Prevention is possible, and this book examines what it takes to do this cost-effectively.It looks at disasters primarily through an economic lens. Economists emphasize self-interest to explain how people choose the amount of prevention, insuran

Disasters -- Economic aspects. --- Emergency management. --- Natural disasters -- Economic aspects. --- Disasters --- Natural disasters --- Emergency management --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Economic aspects --- Economic aspects. --- Consequence management (Emergency management) --- Disaster planning --- Disaster preparedness --- Disaster prevention --- Disaster relief --- Emergencies --- Emergency planning --- Emergency preparedness --- Natural calamities --- Calamities --- Catastrophes --- Management --- Planning --- Preparedness --- Prevention --- Public safety --- First responders --- Curiosities and wonders --- Accidents --- Hazardous geographic environments

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Disasters. --- Preparedness. --- Emergency management. --- Calamities --- Catastrophes --- Curiosities and wonders --- Accidents --- Hazardous geographic environments --- Readiness --- Reliability --- Consequence management (Emergency management) --- Disaster planning --- Disaster preparedness --- Disaster prevention --- Disaster relief --- Disasters --- Emergencies --- Emergency planning --- Emergency preparedness --- Management --- Public safety --- First responders --- Planning --- Preparedness --- Prevention --- Emergency management

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Global climate models predict a rise in extreme weather in the next century. To better understand future interactions among adaptation costs, socioeconomic development, and climate change in developing countries, observed losses of life from floods and droughts during 1960-2003 are modeled using three determinants: weather events, income per capita, and female education. The analysis reveals countries with high female education weathered extreme weather events better than countries with equivalent income and weather conditions. In that case, one would expect resilience to increase with economic growth and improvements in education. The relationship between resilience in the face of extreme weather events and increases in female education expenditure holds when socioeconomic development continues but the climate does not change, and socioeconomic development continues with weather paths driven by "wet" and "dry" Global Climate Models. Educating young women may be one of the best climate change disaster prevention investments in addition to high social rates of return in overall sustainable development goals.

Centre for research on the epidemiology --- Climate change --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Impacts --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- CRED --- DAT database --- Declaration --- Disaster --- Disaster prevention --- Disaster prevention measures --- Disasters --- Droughts --- Emergency preparedness --- Environment --- Extreme weather --- Extreme weather events --- Flood --- Floods --- Hazard Risk Management --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural disaster --- Natural disasters --- Population Policies --- Relief --- Urban Development --- Victims --- Weather events

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This paper is one component of a global study on the Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change (EACC) in developing countries; the focus in this paper is human health. The main human health impacts of climate change are increased incidence of vector-borne disease (malaria), water-borne disease (diarrhea), cardio respiratory diseases, heat- and cold-related deaths, injuries and deaths from extreme weather events (flooding), and a greater prevalence of malnutrition. Adaptation measures comprise all actions taken to reduce, prevent, or treat these additional cases of disease or death, including actions outside the health sector such as disaster reduction programs, food and water security measures, and the provision of infrastructure services. For tractability and to reduce duplication with other components of the EACC study, the scope of this paper is limited to conventional public health adaptation activities, with a focus on malaria and diarrhea. This study also incorporates updates and revisions to the unit cost of prevention and treatment for malaria and diarrhea and updates to the exposure-response functions used to compute the relative risk for malaria.

Adaptation to Climate Change --- Breastfeeding --- Brown Issues and Health --- Burden of Disease --- Child Health --- Child Mortality --- Cholera --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Communicable Diseases --- Dengue Fever --- Developing Countries --- Diarrhea --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Emergency Preparedness --- Emissions --- Environment --- Environmental Health --- Epidemiology --- Extreme Weather Events --- Floods --- Food Production --- Global Warming --- Greenhouse Gases --- Gross Domestic Product --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Human Capital --- Immunizations --- Injuries --- Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change --- Low-Income Countries --- Malaria --- Malnutrition --- Measles --- Millennium Development Goals --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Precipitation --- Pregnancy --- Public Health --- Respect --- Rotavirus --- Sanitation --- Social Development --- Storms --- Temperature --- Treatment --- Vaccines --- Vulnerable Groups --- World Health Organization