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Many plants produce enzymes collectively known as ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). RIPs catalyze the removal of an adenine residue from a conserved loop in the large ribosomal RNA. The adenine residue removed by this depurination is crucial for the binding of elongation factors. Ribosomes modified in this way are no longer able to carry out protein synthesis. Most RIPs exist as single polypeptides (Type 1 RIPs) which are largely non-toxic to mammalian cells because they are unable to enter them and thus cannot reach their ribosomal substrate. In some instances, however, the RIP forms part of a heterodimer where its partner polypeptide is a lectin (Type 2 RIPs). These heterodimeric RIPs are able to bind to and enter mammalian cells. Their ability to reach and modify ribosomes in target cells means these proteins are some of the most potently cytotoxic poisons found in nature, and are widely assumed to play a protective role as part of the host plant’s defenses. RIPs are able to further damage target cells by inducing apoptosis. In addition, certain plants produce lectins lacking an RIP component but which are also cytotoxic. This book focuses on the structure/function and some potential applications of these toxic plant proteins.

Plant proteins. --- Polypeptides. --- Plant proteins --- Polypeptides --- Plant Proteins --- Lectins --- N-Glycosyl Hydrolases --- Proteins --- Glycoside Hydrolases --- Plant Lectins --- Ribosome Inactivating Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Hydrolases --- Enzymes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Plant Physiology --- Life sciences. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Plant science. --- Botany. --- Plant physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Cell Biology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Sciences. --- Biopolymers --- Peptides --- Plant polymers --- Biochemistry. --- Cytology. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Plants --- Physiology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Composition --- Floristic botany --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics

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The Rho GTPases in Cancer is the first volume to collect and summarize the current understanding of the Rho GTPases and their involvement in the progression of human cancer. The critical role of the Rho GTPases, their regulatory proteins, and their effectors in cancer progression has become increasingly evident over the past decade. As translational research increases on these proteins, their importance as keystone molecules in vital cellular process is highlighted. Thus, these molecules represent a major class of potential therapeutic targets that could be exploited clinically. This aspect of Rho GTPase biology is developing, therefore the contents of The Rho GTPases in Cancer should prove of interest to clinicians and members of the cancer research community wishing to develop new treatments for cancer.

Cancer -- Etiology. --- Rho GTPases --- Cancer --- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins --- Diseases --- rho GTP-Binding Proteins --- Neoplasms --- GTP-Binding Proteins --- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- GTP Phosphohydrolases --- Peptides --- Proteins --- Carrier Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Hydrolases --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Medicine --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Oncology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Etiology --- Rho GTPases. --- G proteins. --- GTP-binding proteins --- GTP regulatory proteins --- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins --- Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins --- Rho G proteins --- Rho GTP-binding proteins --- Medicine. --- Cancer research. --- Pharmacology. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Cancer Research. --- Cell Biology. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Membrane proteins --- G proteins --- Guanosine triphosphatase --- Oncology. --- Cytology. --- Toxicology. --- Chemicals --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Tumors --- Toxicology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Cancer research --- Physiological effect

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The diversity of RNAs inside living cells is amazing. We have known of the more “classic” RNA species: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA and snoRNA for some time now, but in a steady stream new types of molecules are being described as it is becoming clear that most of the genomic information of cells ends up in RNA. To deal with the enormous load of resulting RNA processing and degradation reactions, cells need adequate and efficient molecular machines. The RNA exosome is arising as a major facilitator to this effect. Structural and functional data gathered over the last decade have illustrated the biochemical importance of this multimeric complex and its many co-factors, revealing its enormous regulatory power. By gathering some of the most prominent researchers in the exosome field, it is the aim of this volume to introduce this fascinating protein complex as well as to give a timely and rich account of its many functions. The exosome was discovered more than a decade ago by Phil Mitchell and David Tollervey by its ability to trim the 3’end of yeast, S. cerevisiae, 5. 8S rRNA. In a historic account they laid out the events surrounding this identification and the subsequent birth of the research field. In the chapter by Kurt Januszyk and Christopher Lima the structural organization of eukaryotic exosomes and their evolutionary counterparts in bacteria and archaea are discussed in large part through presentation of structures.

Ribonucleases. --- Ribosomes. --- RNA -- Metabolism. --- Ribonucleases --- RNA --- Ribosomes --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Nucleic Acids --- Exonucleases --- Chemical Phenomena --- Esterases --- Phenomena and Processes --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Hydrolases --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Exoribonucleases --- Metabolism --- RNA Stability --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Metabolism. --- Ribonucleoprotein particles --- Ribonucleic acid metabolism --- RNases --- Medicine. --- Molecular biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Cell organelles --- Microsomes --- Nucleoproteins --- Protoplasm --- Nucleases --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.