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The existence of an axion is doubly motivated : it solves a fundamental problem of the Standard Model of elementary particles and it is a leading dark matter candidate. The axion was postulated in 1977, shortly after the Standard Model became widely accepted, to explain why the strong interactions are parity invariant. In 1983, it was shown that axions are abundantly produced in the early universe and would appear as dark matter today. Thus, the existence of an axion has interesting implications for cosmology, astrophysics and particle physics. Searches for other related hypothetical elementary particles such as axion-like particles, paraphotons and chameleons, are also reviewed.

Bosons --- Axions --- Nuclear astrophysics

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Extensive air showers are a very unique phenomenon. In the more than six decades since their discovery by Auger et al. we have learned a great deal about these extremely energetic events and gained deep insights into high-energy phenomena, particle physics and astrophysics. In this Tutorial, Reference Manual and Data Book Peter K. F. Grieder provides the reader with a comprehensive view of the phenomenology and facts of the various types of interactions and cascades, theoretical background, experimental methods, data evaluation and interpretation, and air shower simulation. He discusses astrophysical aspects of the primary radiation and addresses the questions that continue to puzzle researchers. The book is divided into two parts, each in its own separate volume: Part I in Volume I deals mainly with the basic theoretical framework of the processes that determine an air shower and ends with a summary of ways to extract information on the primary radiation from air shower observations. It also presents a compilation of data representing our current knowledge of the high-energy portion of the primary spectrum and composition. Part II in Volume II mainly contains compilations of experimental and theoretical data, as well as predictions from simulations of individual air shower constituents. Also included are chapters dedicated exclusively to special processes and detection methods: optical atmospheric Cherenkov and fluorescence phenomena that represent special observational windows and have proven to be successful alternatives to particle measurements, yielding three-dimensional insights into the shower process, as well as radio emission, which may develop into a useful future method of detection.

Space research --- Astrophysics --- Experimental nuclear and elementary particle physics --- Nuclear physics --- astrofysica --- kernenergie --- ruimtevaart --- atoomfysica --- Cosmic ray showers. --- Nuclear astrophysics.

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The purpose of these lectures is to address the following two strongly coupled issues: • What is the ground state (and its properties) of dense (quark) matter? • What is the matter composition of a compact star? In order to fulfill their primary goal - to remain both concise and accessible to the beginning graduate student or other newcomers to the field - the only prerequisites are a working knowledge of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics as well as a first course in quantum field theory. More advanced material will be introduced as the text progresses and an appendix covers basic elements of thermal quantum field theory at finite chemical potential. Instead of developing all relevant formal tools (which is not even fully possible in the regime of QCD considered here), calculations are physically motivated, making the reader familiar with the theories and technicalities by “learning by doing”. In this way these lectures will guide and prepare the reader towards further investigations and own theoretical research in this exciting field at the interface of nuclear, particle and astrophysics.

Quantum chromodynamics --- Neutron stars --- Stars --- Physics --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics --- Nuclear Physics --- Constitution --- Hadrons. --- Nucleon-nucleon interactions. --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear astrophysics. --- Chirality. --- Chiral dynamics (Nuclear physics) --- Chiral symmetry (Nuclear physics) --- Chirality (Nuclear physics) --- Interactions, Nucleon-nucleon --- Strongly interacting particles --- Physics. --- Astrophysics. --- Space sciences. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Partons --- Nuclear physics --- Nuclear spin --- Nuclear reactions --- Quantum theory. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Ions --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science