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Watershed management problems are usually quite diverse, and involve a wide range of biological, geological, chemical, and physical processes with complex human, social, and economic contexts. The working note seeks to show that computer modeling allows us to better organize, test, and refine our thinking about watershed management problems and potential solutions. Typically, the flow of water leads modeling to be organized into the following areas: (i) precipitation and climate models; (ii) precipitation-runoff models; (iii) stream and aquifer models; (iv) infrastructure operations models; (v) economic, agronomic, social, environmental demand and performance models; and (vi) decision-making models. Selecting the right model to apply to specific problems requires that several factors be considered along with the objectives for modeling in the context of the field decision problem. Key factors include understandability, development and application time, resources required, transferability and maintenance. Good modeling is common-sense and understanding reduced to calculation for the purposes of gaining insights into a real problem. Modeling should aid discussions, help thinking and provide insights to problems where individuals and interests struggle to understand the problem and struggle to work together to address a problem. To aid model development and the interpretation and communication of modeling and model results and insights, simplicity is a great virtue. While complex problems sometimes require complex models, shedding of unneeded complexity is important. Local and in-house expertise is preferred when developing and applying watershed models because of better familiarity with the problems assessed. Model integration is a growing trend but requires as much expertise and resources as development of any single model component.

Aquifers --- Canals --- Decision Making --- Desalination --- Drainage --- Engineering --- Floods --- Freshwater --- Groundwater --- Hydrology --- Irrigation --- Natural Resources --- Piped Water --- Precipitation --- Rainfall --- Reservoirs --- River Basin Management --- Runoff --- Sanitation --- Streams --- Surface Water --- Town Water Supply and Sanitation --- Transparency --- Water Conservation --- Water Resources --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions --- Water Use

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The purpose of this report is to examine development trends in the Southern Gobi Region (SGR) as they affect livestock and wildlife. It provides an overview of the environment and natural resources of the region, discusses existing relationships and interactions among humans, livestock, large herbivore wildlife, and the natural resources on which they are dependent. It then explores the impact that economic development of the region is likely to have if that development does not consider the needs of the current users. The importance of rangeland and water resources in this region is illustrated by the case study of herder interactions with the Wild Ass or Khulan. This study found that Mongolians in the SGR, especially pastoralists, are interested in wildlife and can be willing cooperators in conservation, especially if they receive some compensation for their efforts. The general conclusion reached by this report is that direct competition for resources is not now the primary issue affecting the relationship between humans, pastoral livestock and large herbivore wildlife; rather it is the lack or loss of a conservation ethic that provides protection for traditional users of natural resources, enforcement of hunting regulations, and prevents illegal sport hunting that is rapidly reducing populations of large wild herbivores in the region. Although economic development of the region will undoubtedly proceed, having in place an effective and functional natural resource management program is critical.

Agriculture --- Animal Feed --- Aquifers --- Biodiversity --- Cattle --- Climate Change --- Coal --- Commercialization --- Conservation --- Crop Yields --- Drinking Water --- Drought Management --- Economic Development --- Economics --- Ecosystems --- Ecosystems and Natural Habitats --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Fossil Fuels --- Geographic Information --- Groundwater --- Herders --- Invasive Species --- Labor Costs --- Lakes --- Livestock --- Livestock & animal Husbandry --- Meat --- Natural Resources --- Natural Resources Management --- Pastoralists --- Precipitation --- Rainfall --- Recycling --- Roads --- Streams --- Surface Water --- Tourism Industry --- Water Resources --- Water Use --- Wildlife Resources

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The world development report 2010 estimates that an additional USD 200 billion per year of climate-related financing is needed in developing countries between now and 2030 to keep global average temperature rise within 2 degrees Celsius. Developing countries face increased financing challenges over coming decades as they seek to pursue economic development along a lower emission trajectory. The goal of this paper is twofold: i) to provide greater information and clarity on these three mitigation-related climate financing instruments available for the World Bank Group (WBG) and their application in the context of specific projects and national policy frameworks; and ii) to draw lessons for the broader development community on how resources from different climate financing instruments can be combined for expanded impact, increased leverage, and enhanced efficiency. This paper represents an initial contribution to this field and will be followed by papers focusing on guarantees for low-carbon growth support for the private sector and the challenges of financing climate resilience and adaptation.

Abatement --- Access to Finance --- Alternative Energy --- Capacity Building --- Capital --- Capital Costs --- Carbon Dioxide --- Carbon Finance --- Carbon Taxes --- Clean Development Mechanism --- Clean Energy --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Consumer Education --- Developing Countries --- Economic Development --- Economics --- Economies of Scale --- Electricity --- Emission Reductions --- Energy --- Energy Efficiency --- Environment --- Environment and Natural Resources Management --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Family --- Feasibility --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Institutions --- Fossil Fuels --- Global Environment Facility --- Greenhouse Gases --- Human Resources --- Incentives --- Interest Rates --- International Finance --- Land --- Land-Use Change --- Loans --- Montreal Protocol --- Poverty --- Power Plants --- Private Investment --- Profitability --- Renewable Energy --- Streams --- Tariffs --- Technical Assistance --- Temperature --- Trade --- Transaction Costs --- Urban Areas --- Waste Management --- Wind Energy

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The World Bank Group (WBG) has been active in public and private sector pollution management for the past several decades. The Bank has mainstreamed environmental health concerns into its rural and urban services through projects that improved the management of solid and hazardous waste and wastewater, and controlled pollution related to a large variety of sectors including transport, industry, energy, and mining, with each decade having its flagship issues and projects. The changing global context illustrated by the wave of global crises, the rising acknowledgement in different countries of the impacts of climate change and the necessity to address greenhouse gas mitigation, the challenges in reaching the Millennium Development Goals pertaining to environment and poverty, and the voices calling for new approaches through green new deal, green growth, and green development require that pollution management be addressed within a new context.

Abatement --- Air Pollution --- Air Quality --- Airports --- Audits --- Brownfields --- Carbon Credits --- Carbon Emissions --- Carbon Finance --- Carbon Intensity --- Clean Air --- Clean Energy --- Climate Change --- Coal --- Coastal Areas --- Commercial Banks --- Debt --- Developed Countries --- Disasters --- Drainage --- Drinking Water --- Economic Development --- Emissions --- Employment --- Energy --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Supply --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Hazards --- Environmental Health --- Environmental Policy --- Green Issues --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Highways --- Hydropower --- Infrastructure Investment --- Marketing --- Mobility --- Natural Resources --- Patents --- Pollution Management & Control --- Population Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Power Sector --- Public Health --- Quality of Life --- Railways --- Recycling --- Renewable Energy --- Risk Management --- Roads --- Sanitation --- Soil Erosion --- Stationary Sources --- Streams --- Thermal Power --- Transaction Costs --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy and Planning --- Vehicle Emissions --- Waste --- Waste Management --- Wastewater --- Wastewater Treatment --- Water Pollution --- Water Resources --- Water Supply