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In de vorige cahiers werden heel wat aspecten behandeld inzake integrale veiligheid, maar steeds vanuit nationaal perspectief. Wij vonden de tijd rijp om nu integrale veiligheid eens te benaderen binnen een internationale en Europese context.Hiervoor hebben we twee redenen. De eerste reden is dat als gevolg van het in werking treden van het 'Verdrag van Lissabon' en het bijhorende 'Stockholmprogramma' (1) een nieuwe periode is aangebroken voor de samenwerking binnen de Europese Unie (EU), zowel voor de politiediensten, als voor de administratieve en gerechtelijke autoriteiten. Waar criminelen grensoverschrijdend werken, mag de overheid niet achter de feiten aanhollen. Samenwerken is dus de boodschap. Een tweede reden - de belangrijkste - is dat België vanaf 1 juli 2010 het voorzitterschap waarneemt van de EU en dit thema nu meer dan ooit actueel is.Wij wisten op voorhand dat dit geen gemakkelijke opdracht zou zijn, maar de praktijk heeft uitgewezen dat het nog moeilijker was dan oorspronkelijk gedacht.Enerzijds is er een inhoudelijke reden: vermits in nationale context de idee van integrale veiligheid vaak nog een containerbegrip is, is dit in internationale en/of Europese context zeker het geval. Anderzijds zijn er een aantal praktische redenen, zoals een aantal aangezochte auteurs, die uiteindelijk afgehaakt hebben en de ontslagnemende regering. Zo was het bijvoorbeeld initieel de bedoeling rond dit cahier ook een internationaal colloquium te organiseren met medewerking van het kabinet van de minister van Binnenlandse Zaken en de Federale Overheidsdienst (FOD) Binnenlandse Zaken.Wij hebben ons in dit cahier strikt genomen beperkt tot het politionele luik - het gaat immers over integrale veiligheid -, maar dit kan nooit los gezien worden van justitie.

Comité P --- burgerbescherming --- Europa --- Eiropa --- Europe --- Ευρώπη --- Ewropa --- Euroopa --- Eurooppa --- Европа --- Európa --- hEorpa --- Evropa --- țări europene --- Europese landen --- země Evropy --- Euroopa riigid --- evropské státy --- países europeus --- evropské země --- европски земји --- European countries --- europæiske lande --- ευρωπαϊκές χώρες --- país europeo --- Euroopan maat --- paesi europei --- nazioni europee --- európske krajiny --- país de Europa --- európai országok --- Europos šalys --- pays européens --- státy Evropy --- Europese staten --- vende europiane --- europäische Länder --- europeiska länder --- proteção civil --- protezione civile --- polgári védelem --- obrona cywilna --- civil defence --- цивилна заштита --- civilna zaštita --- civilbeskyttelse --- pelastuspalvelu --- Zivilschutz --- apărare civilă --- difiża ċivili --- civilna zaščita --- tsiviilkaitse --- гражданска защита --- civilná obrana --- πολιτική άμυνα --- protección civil --- protection civile --- civilinė gynyba --- civilā aizsardzība --- civilförsvar --- mbrojtje civile --- civilní ochrana --- sécurité civile --- προστασία των πολιτών --- défense civile --- προστασία του πληθυσμού --- zivile Verteidigung --- shërbime urgjence --- nepaprastosios padėties tarnybos --- protecție civilă --- protezione della popolazione --- ασφάλεια των πολιτών --- veiligheid van de burger --- граѓанска заштита --- Schutz der Bevölkerung --- difesa civile --- protección de la población --- vészhelyzeti szolgálat --- hätäpalvelut --- polgárvédelem --- proteção da população --- seguridad civil --- civilní obrana --- zaštita i spašavanje --- civilforsvar --- Zivilverteidigung --- hädaabiteenistus --- civiele verdediging --- protecção civil --- цивилна одбрана --- civilna obrana --- protection de la population --- defensa civil --- avārijas dienesti --- befolkningsskydd --- bescherming van de burgerbevolking --- räddningstjänst --- burgerverdediging --- civilná ochrana --- civilskydd --- sicurezza civile --- civil protection --- civil säkerhet --- kodanikukaitse --- väestönsuojelu --- emergency services --- ochrana obyvateľov --- civilní bezpečnost --- ochrana obyvatel --- civilinė sauga --- servicii de urgență --- An Eoraip --- cosaint shibhialta

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" 93 ans. La fin n'est plus bien loin. Quelle chance de pouvoir en profiter pour rappeler ce qui a servi de socle à mon engagement politique : le programme élaboré il y a soixante-six ans par le Conseil National de la Résistance ! " Quelle chance de pouvoir nous nourrir de l'expérience de ce grand résistant, réchappé des camps de Buchenwald et de Dora, co-rédacteur MO de la Déclaration universelle des Droits de l'homme de 1948, élevé à la dignité d'Ambassadeur de France et de Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur ! Pour Stéphane Hessel, le " motif de base de la Résistance, c'était l'indignation. " Certes, les raisons de s'indigner dans le monde complexe d'aujourd'hui peuvent paraître moins nettes qu'au temps du nazisme. Mais " cherchez et vous trouverez " : l'écart grandissant entre les très riches et les très pauvres, l'état de la planète, le traitement fait aux sans-papiers, aux immigrés, aux Roms, la course au "toujours plus", à la compétition, la dictature des marchés financiers et jusqu'aux acquis bradés de la Résistance - retraites, Sécurité sociale... Pour être efficace, il faut, comme hier, agir en réseau : Attac, Amnesty, la Fédération internationale des Droits de l'homme... en sont la démonstration. Alors, on peut croire Stéphane Hessel, et lui emboîter le pas, lorsqu'il appelle à une " insurrection pacifique ".

World politics --- Human Rights --- Government, Resistance to --- 342.7 --- 355.425 --- 368.4 --- BPB1106 --- Droits et libertés --- Droits de l'homme --- rechten van de mens - grondrechten - mensenrechten --- weerstand --- sociale zekerheid - sociale verzekering --- Rechten en vrijheden --- Rechten van de mens --- Nonviolence --- Résistance au gouvernement --- Non-violence --- Politieke filosofie Sociale filosofie. --- Résistance au gouvernement --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Human rights --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Politique mondiale --- France --- History --- Histoire --- človekove pravice --- derechos humanos --- ľudské práva --- prawa człowieka --- ljudska prava --- δικαιώματα του ανθρώπου --- човешки права --- human rights --- inimõigused --- cilvēktiesības --- rechten van de mens --- lidská práva --- cearta an duine --- ihmisoikeudet --- direitos humanos --- људска права --- emberi jogok --- menneskerettigheder --- човекови права --- drittijiet tal-bniedem --- mänskliga rättigheter --- žmogaus teisės --- të drejtat e njeriut --- diritti umani --- drepturile omului --- Menschenrechte --- kršenje ljudskih prava --- Verletzung der Menschenrechte --- diritti fondamentali dell'uomo --- Verteidigung der Menschenrechte --- nezadatelná práva --- ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα --- nepromlčitelná práva --- pasikėsinimas į žmogaus teises --- фундаментални слободи и права на човекот и граѓанинот --- zaštita ljudskih prava --- porušování lidských práv --- atentado a los derechos humanos --- Schutz der Menschenrechte --- mbrojtje e të drejtave të njeriut --- krænkelse af menneskerettighederne --- cilvēktiesību apdraudējums --- παραβίαση των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- violarea drepturilor omului --- aantasting van de rechten van de mens --- porušenie ľudských práv --- Beeinträchtigung der Menschenrechte --- mensenrechten --- emberi jogok védelme --- emberi jogok megsértése --- kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter --- atteinte aux droits de l'homme --- útok na ľudské práva --- ihmisoikeusloukkaus --- προσβολή των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- attack on human rights --- protección de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību aizsardzība --- bescherming van de rechten van de mens --- salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo --- proteção dos direitos humanos --- tilsidesættelse af menneskerettighederne --- ihmisoikeuksien suojelu --- protezione dei diritti umani --- Конвенција за заштита на човековите права и основните слободи --- skydd av mänskliga rättigheter --- violación de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību pārkāpums --- ochrana ľudských práv --- žmogaus teisių apsauga --- ihmisoikeuksien uhkaaminen --- prava čovjeka --- derechos del hombre --- rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo --- schending van de rechten van de mens --- inimõiguste kaitse --- protecția drepturilor omului --- shkelje e të drejtave të njeriut --- violação dos direitos humanos --- brott mot mänskliga rättigheter --- beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder --- ochrana lidských práv --- inimõiguste ohustamine --- violation des droits de l'homme --- повреда на граѓанските права --- cenim i të drejtave të njeriut --- žmogaus teisių pažeidimas --- cilvēka pamattiesības --- граѓански слободи и права --- προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- ofensa aos direitos humanos --- заштита на правата и слободите на граѓаните --- кршење на човековите права --- human rights violation --- violazione dei diritti umani --- protection of human rights --- inimõiguste rikkumine --- reato contro i diritti dell'uomo --- protection des droits de l'homme --- World politics - 20th century --- World politics - 21st century --- Droits et libertés

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Au travers des contributions de différents éminents auteurs, l’association syndicale des magistrats s’interroge et provoque : trop de droits de l’homme ne tuent-ils pas les droits de l’homme ? Ou en d’autres mots, les droits de l’homme ne sont-ils pas devenus une exigence démesurée qui a un impact négatif sur la nécessaire efficacité des institutions de justice ? Autrement dit encore, est-il possible d’articuler les droits de l’homme, dont chacun reconnaît aujourd’hui l’importance, avec une justice rapide et performante au profit de tous les citoyens ? Les intervenants au colloque organisé à Louvain-la-Neuve, le 10 décembre 2009 tentent, chacun de leur point de vue, de répondre à ces délicates questions.

European law --- International law --- Human rights --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Law and legislation --- E-books --- Europe --- Organizational effectiveness --- Handbooks, manuals, etc. --- Civil rights --- Justice, Administration of --- Equality before the law --- Popular actions --- Fair trial --- Droits de l'homme --- Justice --- Egalité devant la loi --- Procès équitable --- Administration --- 342.7 --- 342.7 Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden. Fundamentele rechten --- Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden. Fundamentele rechten --- človekove pravice --- derechos humanos --- ľudské práva --- prawa człowieka --- ljudska prava --- δικαιώματα του ανθρώπου --- човешки права --- human rights --- inimõigused --- cilvēktiesības --- rechten van de mens --- lidská práva --- cearta an duine --- ihmisoikeudet --- direitos humanos --- људска права --- emberi jogok --- menneskerettigheder --- човекови права --- drittijiet tal-bniedem --- mänskliga rättigheter --- žmogaus teisės --- të drejtat e njeriut --- diritti umani --- drepturile omului --- Menschenrechte --- kršenje ljudskih prava --- Verletzung der Menschenrechte --- diritti fondamentali dell'uomo --- Verteidigung der Menschenrechte --- nezadatelná práva --- ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα --- nepromlčitelná práva --- pasikėsinimas į žmogaus teises --- фундаментални слободи и права на човекот и граѓанинот --- zaštita ljudskih prava --- porušování lidských práv --- atentado a los derechos humanos --- Schutz der Menschenrechte --- mbrojtje e të drejtave të njeriut --- krænkelse af menneskerettighederne --- cilvēktiesību apdraudējums --- παραβίαση των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- violarea drepturilor omului --- aantasting van de rechten van de mens --- porušenie ľudských práv --- Beeinträchtigung der Menschenrechte --- mensenrechten --- emberi jogok védelme --- emberi jogok megsértése --- kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter --- atteinte aux droits de l'homme --- útok na ľudské práva --- ihmisoikeusloukkaus --- προσβολή των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- attack on human rights --- protección de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību aizsardzība --- bescherming van de rechten van de mens --- salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo --- proteção dos direitos humanos --- tilsidesættelse af menneskerettighederne --- ihmisoikeuksien suojelu --- protezione dei diritti umani --- Конвенција за заштита на човековите права и основните слободи --- skydd av mänskliga rättigheter --- violación de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību pārkāpums --- ochrana ľudských práv --- žmogaus teisių apsauga --- ihmisoikeuksien uhkaaminen --- prava čovjeka --- derechos del hombre --- rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo --- schending van de rechten van de mens --- inimõiguste kaitse --- protecția drepturilor omului --- shkelje e të drejtave të njeriut --- violação dos direitos humanos --- brott mot mänskliga rättigheter --- beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder --- ochrana lidských práv --- inimõiguste ohustamine --- violation des droits de l'homme --- повреда на граѓанските права --- cenim i të drejtave të njeriut --- žmogaus teisių pažeidimas --- cilvēka pamattiesības --- граѓански слободи и права --- προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- ofensa aos direitos humanos --- заштита на правата и слободите на граѓаните --- кршење на човековите права --- human rights violation --- violazione dei diritti umani --- protection of human rights --- inimõiguste rikkumine --- reato contro i diritti dell'uomo --- protection des droits de l'homme --- Human rights - Belgium - Congresses --- Belgique --- Accès à la justice --- Cour européenne des droits de l'homme --- Effectivité et validité du droit --- Efficacité du droit

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Human rights --- BPB1206 --- Droits de l'homme --- človekove pravice --- derechos humanos --- ľudské práva --- prawa człowieka --- ljudska prava --- δικαιώματα του ανθρώπου --- човешки права --- human rights --- inimõigused --- cilvēktiesības --- rechten van de mens --- lidská práva --- cearta an duine --- ihmisoikeudet --- direitos humanos --- људска права --- emberi jogok --- menneskerettigheder --- човекови права --- drittijiet tal-bniedem --- mänskliga rättigheter --- žmogaus teisės --- të drejtat e njeriut --- diritti umani --- drepturile omului --- Menschenrechte --- kršenje ljudskih prava --- Verletzung der Menschenrechte --- diritti fondamentali dell'uomo --- Verteidigung der Menschenrechte --- nezadatelná práva --- ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα --- nepromlčitelná práva --- pasikėsinimas į žmogaus teises --- фундаментални слободи и права на човекот и граѓанинот --- zaštita ljudskih prava --- porušování lidských práv --- atentado a los derechos humanos --- Schutz der Menschenrechte --- mbrojtje e të drejtave të njeriut --- krænkelse af menneskerettighederne --- cilvēktiesību apdraudējums --- παραβίαση των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- violarea drepturilor omului --- aantasting van de rechten van de mens --- porušenie ľudských práv --- Beeinträchtigung der Menschenrechte --- mensenrechten --- emberi jogok védelme --- emberi jogok megsértése --- kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter --- atteinte aux droits de l'homme --- útok na ľudské práva --- ihmisoikeusloukkaus --- προσβολή των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- attack on human rights --- protección de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību aizsardzība --- bescherming van de rechten van de mens --- salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo --- proteção dos direitos humanos --- tilsidesættelse af menneskerettighederne --- ihmisoikeuksien suojelu --- protezione dei diritti umani --- Конвенција за заштита на човековите права и основните слободи --- skydd av mänskliga rättigheter --- violación de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību pārkāpums --- ochrana ľudských práv --- žmogaus teisių apsauga --- ihmisoikeuksien uhkaaminen --- prava čovjeka --- derechos del hombre --- rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo --- schending van de rechten van de mens --- inimõiguste kaitse --- protecția drepturilor omului --- shkelje e të drejtave të njeriut --- violação dos direitos humanos --- brott mot mänskliga rättigheter --- beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder --- ochrana lidských práv --- inimõiguste ohustamine --- violation des droits de l'homme --- повреда на граѓанските права --- cenim i të drejtave të njeriut --- žmogaus teisių pažeidimas --- cilvēka pamattiesības --- граѓански слободи и права --- προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- ofensa aos direitos humanos --- заштита на правата и слободите на граѓаните --- кршење на човековите права --- human rights violation --- violazione dei diritti umani --- protection of human rights --- inimõiguste rikkumine --- reato contro i diritti dell'uomo --- protection des droits de l'homme

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The essays collected in this volume aim to provide the building-blocks of a learning-based understanding of the development of fundamental rights in the European Union. Instead of asking how much harmonization of fundamental rights is required at EU level or whether fundamental rights should rather be protected at domestic level, it acknowledges that even when it is desirable, harmonization may be in many cases politically unrealistic to achieve; that it may presume too much about our ability to identify how best to implement fundamental rights; and that the required legal bases may be missing. It also notes that we have currently no mechanism allowing us to identify, on a more or less systematic basis, the need for the Union to take action in this field. A learning-based understanding of the development of fundamental rights takes seriously these limitations which the fundamental rights policy of the EU is currently facing. This redefinition moves from substance to procedure: since there is uncertainty about how to improve the protection of fundamental rights (beyond the minimum requirement not to violate them), a fundamental rights policy should be about devising adequate mechanisms for the constant testing of the policies pursued in different settings, in order to arrive at a better understanding of how to best achieve their objectives. Reflexive governance, these essays argue, may represent one way of thinking about how to address this challenge. This hypothesis is tested in three policy areas: equality of treatment, data protection, and the establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice. The essays collected in this volume do not form a blueprint for the further improvement of the regime of fundamental rights protection in the EU. Rather, they identify a blindspot: the lack of a principled way of reconciling the protection of fundamental rights within each EU Member State, with the establishment between these States of an internal market and of an area of freedom, security and justice. And they explore the potential of non-judicial means of ensuring the protection and promotion of fundamental rights, particularly through techniques – mutual evaluation mechanisms, the use of indicators and benchmarks, and participatory processes – inspired by existing ‘open’ forms of coordination between the Member States. These techniques allow us to shift from the post hoc, reactive modes of protection of fundamental rights, to more ex ante, proactive methods of protection. Fundamental rights are a concern of the EU institutions since well over thirty years, and a number of tools, both legislative and judicial, have been deployed in order to ensure that the progress of European integration shall not lead to lower the level of protection of rights in the EU. It is time that fundamental rights become more than that, however – it is time that they become a policy. But such a fundamental rights policy for the EU must be respectful of the diversity of approaches within the EU, and it must acknowledge that, in many domains, we simply do not know how best to ensure the fulfilment of fundamental rights. It must therefore be conceived as a policy which encourages collective learning, and permanent re-evaluation of earlier choices in the light of new circumstances. It is in this direction that this volume seeks to move the debate. The Authors This volume has been edited by Olivier De Schutter and Violeta Moreno Lax, both from the Centre for Legal Philosophy (CPDR) at the University of Louvain (UCL). The contributors are Catherine Barnard (Cambridge), Olivier De Schutter (Louvain), Serge Gutwirth (Brussels), Rick Lawson (Leiden), Manfred Nowak (Wien), Yves Poullet (Namur), Veerle Van Den Eeckhout (Leiden), and Viktoria Wagner (Wien).

Human rights --- Administrative law --- European law --- European Union --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Droits de l'homme --- Droits de la personne --- Droits fondamentaux --- Droits individuels --- Grondrechten --- Libertés publiques --- Mensenrechten --- Rechten van de mens --- Rights [Human ] --- Rights of man --- Civil rights --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- BPB1104 --- Union européenne --- Europese unie --- Droits de l'homme (droit européen) --- Défense des droits de l'homme --- Gouvernance --- Droit européen et droit interne --- Et les droits de l'homme --- Cour européenne des droits de l'homme --- Direitos humanos --- Droits de l'Homme --- Menschenrechte --- Views on civil rights --- Human rights advocacy --- European Union countries --- Droit européen et droit interne. --- Europese Unie --- Europska unija --- União Europeia --- Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση --- Európska únia --- Európai Unió --- Europäische Union --- Europos Sąjunga --- Evropská unie --- Европска унија --- Unjoni Ewropea --- Европейски съюз --- Europeiska unionen --- Euroopan unioni --- Eiropas Savienība --- Unión Europea --- Evropska unija --- Unia Europejska --- Unione europea --- Uniunea Europeană --- Den Europæiske Union --- Европска Унија --- Euroopa Liit --- an tAontas Eorpach --- Bashkimi Europian --- Sąjungos institucija --- Sąjungos teisė --- právo Únie --- νόμος της Ένωσης --- Savienības tiesības --- wet van de Unie --- legge dell'Unione --- Europæisk Union --- unionslagstiftning --- atto dell'Unione --- AE --- loi de l'Union --- EU --- e drejta e Bashkimit --- ЕУ --- lege a Uniunii Europene --- Union law --- človekove pravice --- derechos humanos --- ľudské práva --- prawa człowieka --- ljudska prava --- δικαιώματα του ανθρώπου --- човешки права --- human rights --- inimõigused --- cilvēktiesības --- rechten van de mens --- lidská práva --- cearta an duine --- ihmisoikeudet --- direitos humanos --- људска права --- emberi jogok --- menneskerettigheder --- човекови права --- drittijiet tal-bniedem --- mänskliga rättigheter --- žmogaus teisės --- të drejtat e njeriut --- diritti umani --- drepturile omului --- kršenje ljudskih prava --- Verletzung der Menschenrechte --- diritti fondamentali dell'uomo --- Verteidigung der Menschenrechte --- nezadatelná práva --- ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα --- nepromlčitelná práva --- pasikėsinimas į žmogaus teises --- фундаментални слободи и права на човекот и граѓанинот --- zaštita ljudskih prava --- porušování lidských práv --- atentado a los derechos humanos --- Schutz der Menschenrechte --- mbrojtje e të drejtave të njeriut --- krænkelse af menneskerettighederne --- cilvēktiesību apdraudējums --- παραβίαση των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- violarea drepturilor omului --- aantasting van de rechten van de mens --- porušenie ľudských práv --- Beeinträchtigung der Menschenrechte --- mensenrechten --- emberi jogok védelme --- emberi jogok megsértése --- kränkning av mänskliga rättigheter --- atteinte aux droits de l'homme --- útok na ľudské práva --- ihmisoikeusloukkaus --- προσβολή των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- attack on human rights --- protección de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību aizsardzība --- bescherming van de rechten van de mens --- salvaguardia dei diritti dell'uomo --- proteção dos direitos humanos --- tilsidesættelse af menneskerettighederne --- ihmisoikeuksien suojelu --- protezione dei diritti umani --- Конвенција за заштита на човековите права и основните слободи --- skydd av mänskliga rättigheter --- violación de los derechos humanos --- cilvēktiesību pārkāpums --- ochrana ľudských práv --- žmogaus teisių apsauga --- ihmisoikeuksien uhkaaminen --- prava čovjeka --- derechos del hombre --- rispetto dei diritti dell'uomo --- schending van de rechten van de mens --- inimõiguste kaitse --- protecția drepturilor omului --- shkelje e të drejtave të njeriut --- violação dos direitos humanos --- brott mot mänskliga rättigheter --- beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder --- ochrana lidských práv --- inimõiguste ohustamine --- violation des droits de l'homme --- повреда на граѓанските права --- cenim i të drejtave të njeriut --- žmogaus teisių pažeidimas --- cilvēka pamattiesības --- граѓански слободи и права --- προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου --- ofensa aos direitos humanos --- заштита на правата и слободите на граѓаните --- кршење на човековите права --- human rights violation --- violazione dei diritti umani --- protection of human rights --- inimõiguste rikkumine --- reato contro i diritti dell'uomo --- protection des droits de l'homme --- Et les droits de l'homme. --- Civil rights - European Union countries --- Human rights - European Union countries --- Union européenne