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Realistically representing our three-dimensional world has been the subject of many (philosophical) discussions since ancient times. While the recognition of the globular shape of the Earth goes back to Pythagoras’ statements of the sixth century B. C. , the two-dimensional, circular depiction of the Earth’s surface has remained prevailing and also dominated the art of painting until the late Middle Ages. Given the immature technological means, objects on the Earth’s surface were often represented in academic and technical disciplines by two-dimensional cross-sections oriented along combinations of three mutually perpendicular directions. As soon as computer science evolved, scientists have steadily been improving the three-dimensional representation of the Earth and developed techniques to analyze the many natural processes and phenomena taking part on its surface. Both computer aided design (CAD) and geographical information systems (GIS) have been developed in parallel during the last three decades. While the former concentrates more on the detailed design of geometric models of object shapes, the latter emphasizes the topological relationships between geographical objects and analysis of spatial patterns. Nonetheless, this distinction has become increasingly blurred and both approaches have been integrated into commercial software packages. In recent years, an active line of inquiry has emerged along the junctures of CAD and GIS, viz. 3D geoinformation science. Studies along this line have recently made significant inroads in terms of 3D modeling and data acquisition.

Geodesy. Cartography --- Geophysics --- Geography --- geodesie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- geofysica

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The Earth's gravity and magnetic gravity fields play an important role in global and regional geodynamics. Research satellites such as CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE apply new measurement techniques to recover gravity and magnetic fields with unprecedented accuracy and resolution in space and time. Combined with terrestrial observations and numerical models, this data will significantly improve a detailed understanding of the Earth as a coupled system of atmosphere, hydrosphere and solid Earth. In Germany, many of the processing, modelling and interpreting methodologies for these new observation techniques have been developed under the umbrella of the R&D-programme GEOTECHNOLOGIEN. The research projects focus on a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variations in the magnetic and gravity field and their relationship to the dynmaics of the Earth's interior and global change processes close to its surface. This volume presents the results of all multidisciplinary studies covered by this programme for the period 2005-2008, including the following topics: - Static and time variable gravity field models from CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE - Applications of GRACE , altimetry, GPS and other data for geophysical analyses - Contributions to the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) - Atmospheric sounding by GPS radio occultation technique with CHAMP and GRACE - Observation of the Earth's magnetic field with CHAMP Thus, it offers an up-to-date overview for a broad scientific community working in gravity field and Earth rotation research.

Space research --- Geodesy. Cartography --- Physics --- Geophysics --- Geography --- geodesie --- fotogrammetrie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- fysica --- geofysica --- sensoren

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CEOS was established under the auspices of the Economic Summit of Industrialized Nations in 1984 in response to a recommendation from a panel of experts in remote sensing within the Working Group on Growth, Technology and Employment (CEOS, 2009). The panel recognized the collective value of the world’s Earth remote sensing capabilities and the advantages that would be gained by the coordination of civil Earth observing satellite missions. By cooperating in mission planning and the development of compatible data products, applications, services and policies, the national space programs would maximize the bene?ts of their individual inve- ments and be able to better address the environmental challenges of the entire international community. CEOS was to serve as the focal point for this inter- tional coordination and to provide the forum for the change of policy and technical information. The members of CEOS are governmental organizations that are international or national in nature and are responsible for a civil space-borne Earth observation program that is currently in operation or in an advanced stage of system devel- ment. CEOS also has established Associate Members that are similar governmental organizations with a civil space-segment activity in an early stage of system dev- opment or those with a signi?cant ground-segment activity that supports CEOS objectives. Associate Members may also be existing satellite coordination group and scienti?c or governmental bodies that are international in nature and have a signi?cant programmatic activity that likewise is aligned with the goals of CEOS.

Geodesy. Cartography --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Geography --- geodesie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- geografie --- geologie --- aarde (astronomie)

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For the fourth consecutive year, the Association of Geographic Infor- tion Laboratories for Europe (AGILE) promoted the edition of a book with the collection of the scientific papers that were submitted as full-papers to the AGILE annual international conference. Those papers went through a th competitive review process. The 13 AGILE conference call for fu- papers of original and unpublished fundamental scientific research resulted in 54 submissions, of which 21 were accepted for publication in this - lume (acceptance rate of 39%). Published in the Springer Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Car- th graphy, this book is associated to the 13 AGILE Conference on G- graphic Information Science, held in 2010 in Guimarães, Portugal, under the title “Geospatial Thinking”. The efficient use of geospatial information and related technologies assumes the knowledge of concepts that are fundamental components of Geospatial Thinking, which is built on reasoning processes, spatial conc- tualizations, and representation methods. Geospatial Thinking is associated with a set of cognitive skills consisting of several forms of knowledge and cognitive operators used to transform, combine or, in any other way, act on that same knowledge. The scientific papers published in this volume cover an important set of topics within Geoinformation Science, including: Representation and Visualisation of Geographic Phenomena; Spatiotemporal Data Analysis; Geo-Collaboration, Participation, and Decision Support; Semantics of Geoinformation and Knowledge Discovery; Spatiotemporal Modelling and Reasoning; and Web Services, Geospatial Systems and Real-time Appli- tions.

Geodesy. Cartography --- Geophysics --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Geography --- geodesie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- geografie --- geologie --- aarde (astronomie) --- geofysica

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The region of Central and Eastern Europe has a rich and long history in cart- raphy. Many important improvements in mapping and cartography have been proposed and performed by cartographers and researchers of that region. The long and outstanding history has led to a lively and vivid presence. Now contemporary methods for depicting the earth and its cultural and natural attributes are used. This book focuses on the contemporary activities in all major realms of cartography in Central and Eastern Europe. It covers aspects of theoretical, topographical, thematic and multimedia cartography, which have been presented at the frst Symposium on Cartography for Central and Eastern Europe, which took place from February 16th to 17th, 2009 in Vienna, Austria and was organized by the International Cartographic Association (ICA) and the Vienna University of Technology. The symposium's aim was to bring together cartographers, GI scientists and those working in related disciplines from CEE with the goal of offering a platform for discussion and exchange and stimulation of joined projects. About 130 scientists from 19 countries followed the invitation and visited Vienna, Austria. A selection of fully reviewed contributions is edited in this book and is meant as a mirror of the wide range of activities in the realm of cartography in this region. The innovative and contemporary character of these topics has lead to a great variety of interdis- plinary contributions. Topics cover an enormous range with heterogenous relati- ships to the main book issues.

Geodesy. Cartography --- Geophysics --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Geography --- geodesie --- GIS (geografisch informatiesysteem) --- geografie --- geologie --- aarde (astronomie) --- geofysica --- Eastern and Central Europe