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Since their debut in the late 1920s, particle accelerators have evolved into a backbone for the development of science and technology in modern society. Of about 30,000 accelerators at work in the world today, a majority is for applications in industry (about 20,000 systems worldwide). There are two major categories of industrial applications: materials processing and treatment, and materials analysis. Materials processing and treatment includes ion implantation (semi-conductor materials, metals, ceramics, etc.) and electron beam irradiation (sterilization of medical devices, food pasteurizati

Particle accelerators. --- Particle accelerators --- Accelerators, Particle --- Atom smashers --- Charged particle accelerators --- Nuclear physics --- Accelerator mass spectrometry --- Environmental aspects. --- Instruments