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Money market. Capital market --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- International finance --- Loans, Foreign --- Banks and banking --- -Monetary policy --- 330.909511 --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- International monetary system --- International money --- International economic relations --- Global Economic Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Financial crises --- Corrupt practices --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009. --- International finance. --- Loans, Foreign. --- Monetary policy. --- Corrupt practices. --- Monetary policy

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This report reviews Costa Rica’s performance under the Stand-By Arrangement. At the time of the global crisis, Costa Rica’s macroeconomic policy framework was constraining policy options. The financial program’s design was consistent with its policies and objectives. Structural reforms during the program period were slow, and fiscal risk increased. The program’s design reflected the challenges and priorities that Costa Rica faced at that time, as well as policy constraints. Program conditionality focused on maintaining sufficient buffers in the form of foreign exchange reserves.

Loans, Foreign --- Economic indicators --- Business indicators --- Indicators, Business --- Indicators, Economic --- Leading indicators --- Economic history --- Quality of life --- Economic forecasting --- Index numbers (Economics) --- Social indicators --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Costa Rica --- Economic conditions. --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Fiscal Policy --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Banking --- Public debt --- Fiscal stance --- Exchange rates --- Fiscal policy --- Expenditure --- Debts, Public --- Banks and banking --- Expenditures, Public

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Despite improved economic growth, poverty in Zambia remained formidable and called for fiscal consolidation to contain the domestic debt and interest payments that jeopardized macroeconomic stability and social spending. Macroeconomic outcomes during ECF-2 were particularly strong. The global financial crisis significantly affected copper prices. Laying the groundwork to sustain low inflation, infrastructure development, mobilizing domestic revenues, and financial sector development are priority areas for future programs. A well-articulated medium-term economic program would help Zambia to strengthen resilience and raise growth rates.

Loans, Foreign --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Zambia --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Finance: General --- Inflation --- Public Finance --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Public finance & taxation --- Finance --- Macroeconomics --- Financial sector development --- Revenue administration --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Capital spending --- Financial markets --- Prices --- Expenditure --- Financial services industry --- Revenue --- Finance, Public --- Capital investments

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Serbia’s transition to a more sustainable growth model remains incomplete and fragile. A precautionary Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) has been requested to insure against external risks and to provide a policy anchor. The program represents a prudent step in the present uncertain global and regional environment. However, without improving Serbia’s difficult investment climate, the economy cannot deliver sustainable growth. Executive Directors expect that a steadfast program implementation along with responsiveness to new adverse developments will lead the Serbian economy to overcome its present difficulties.

Loans, Foreign --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Serbia --- N.R. Serbii︠a︡ --- Narodna Republika Srbija --- NR Serbii︠a︡ --- People's Republic of Serbia --- Republic of Serbia --- Republika Srbija --- RS de Serbije --- Serbii︠a︡ --- Servia --- Socialist Republic of Serbia --- Socijalistička Republika Srbija --- Sot︠s︡ialisticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Serbii︠a︡ --- SR Srbija --- Srbija --- SRS --- Szerbia --- Србија --- Serbia and Montenegro --- Economic policy. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Budgeting --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Fiscal Policy --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Banking --- Public finance & taxation --- Budgeting & financial management --- External debt --- Fiscal stance --- Government debt management --- Fiscal policy --- Budget planning and preparation --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Debts, External --- Banks and banking --- Debts, Public --- Budget --- Serbia, Republic of

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Romania’s economy has stabilized and growth is now resuming. The financial program’s objectives include structural reforms in the energy and transport sectors, and restructuring and privatization of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The macroeconomic outlook is expected to improve in 2011–12 with a gradual pickup in growth, a stable current account, and inflationary pressures that are still high but will begin to recede after mid-2011. The authorities are also focusing on reducing the arrears of the rest of the public sector.

Loans, Foreign --- Debts, Public --- Debts, External --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Foreign loans --- International loans --- Loans, International --- Loans --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Foreign loan insurance --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Romania --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Money and Monetary Policy --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Fiscal Policy --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Monetary economics --- Arrears --- External debt --- Prices --- Fiscal stance --- Fiscal policy --- Banks and banking --- Government business enterprises