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This series of reports suggests strengths and point to areas for further reflection on current policy initiatives. This report on the Slovak Republic focuses on improving workforce qualifications, training and working conditions. Research has shown that well-educated, well-trained professionals are the key factor in providing high-quality ECEC with the most favourable cognitive and social outcomes for children. It is, however, not the qualification per se that has an impact on child outcomes but the ability of better educated and trained staff to create a high-quality pedagogical environment that makes the difference.
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The anthology takes a comparative approach to reconstructing the perceptions that the Armenians and Georgians developed of their Mongol conquerors in the 13th and 14th centuries. The focus lies on the perception of the historical outcomes of nomadic / sedentary interactions from the perspective of both the mundane and the clerical nobility. The Caucasus and its immediate sphere of influence as a whole will serve as the regional framework for our anthology. The broad scope of historical sequences regarding the Mongol conquest of Armenia and Georgia and the Mongol domination in and over Armenia and Georgia will be dealt with, whereby the local idiosyncrasies of these events are of particular interest.
Mongols --- Armenia --- Georgia (Republic)
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A carbon intensive energy system in the Czech Republic contributes to one of the highest ratios of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to GDP in the OECD. While EU emission reduction commitments provide the most visible and binding motivation for changing the way in which the country produces and uses energy, action is also required to improve energy security and public health and to avoid an adverse impact of emission reduction on economic growth and living standards. Energy system transformation requires ensuring a comprehensive, consistent and stable policy framework with stronger ex ante and ex post evaluation. A single carbon price should be achieved through the Emission Trading System (ETS) and carbon taxation. Excise tax rates on all fossil energy sources and products should be realigned, based on their carbon content and other environmental externalities, notably by increasing the relative taxation of diesel. Sectoral policies that complement carbon pricing in promoting greener energy sources, energy efficiency and less fuel intensive transport need to be strengthened.
Energy --- Economics --- Czech Republic
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This paper examines Korea’s low-carbon green growth strategy with a focus on three pillars: regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industries; incentive mechanisms for businesses to develop green technologies and products; and public information tools to increase awareness and demand for green products. Korea’s transition to a low-carbon green growth path may provide a useful reference for many developing countries in a carbonconstrained global economy. The institutionalisation of a low-carbon green growth strategy supported by strong political leadership and elaborated implementation programmes is key to solving many socio-economic and environmental challenges posed by the traditional growth paradigm that is heavily dependent on the consumption of energy and natural resources, including fossil fuels. Efficient role sharing and co-operation among public and private stakeholders in the process of planning, budget preparation and implementation are major components of Korea’s low-carbon green growth strategy.
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While Korea remains one of the fastest-growing OECD economies, its potential growth rate per capita is projected to decelerate from around 4% during the current decade to around 2¼ per cent during the 2030s. Sustaining growth requires policies to mitigate the impact of rapid population ageing by increasing labour inputs from under-utilised segments of the population. In particular, female labour participation should be encouraged by better work-life balance and increasing the availability of high-quality, affordable childcare, in part by raising tuition fee subsidies and improving the quality of private childcare centres. More flexible employment and wage systems would increase the age at which older workers leave firms. For young people, improved vocational education at the secondary and tertiary levels would help overcome the labour mismatch problem and the overemphasis on tertiary education. Enhancing educational quality at all levels would promote productivity gains, including in services. Strengthened competition is also a key to narrow the large productivity gap between services and manufacturing.
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