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Georges Vigarello maps the evolution of Western ideas about fat and fat people from the Middle Ages to the present, paying particular attention to the role of science, fashion, fitness crazes, and public health campaigns in shaping these views. While hefty bodies were once a sign of power, today those who struggle to lose weight are considered poor in character and weak in mind. Vigarello traces the eventual equation of fatness with infirmity and the way we have come to define ourselves and others in terms of body type. Vigarello begins with the medieval artists and intellectuals who treated heavy bodies as symbols of force and prosperity. He then follows the shift during the Renaissance and early modern period to courtly, medical, and religious codes that increasingly favored moderation and discouraged excess. Scientific advances in the eighteenth century also brought greater knowledge of food and the body's processes, recasting fatness as the "relaxed" antithesis of health. The body-as-mechanism metaphor intensified in the early nineteenth century, with the chemistry revolution and heightened attention to food-as-fuel, which turned the body into a kind of furnace or engine. During this period, social attitudes toward fat became conflicted, with the bourgeois male belly operating as a sign of prestige but also as a symbol of greed and exploitation, while the overweight female was admired only if she was working class. Vigarello concludes with the fitness and body-conscious movements of the twentieth century and the proliferation of personal confessions about obesity, which tied fat more closely to notions of personality, politics, taste, and class.

Body weight --- Obesity --- Adiposity --- Corpulence --- Fatness --- Overweight --- Metabolism --- Nutrition disorders --- Anthropometry --- Body size --- Weights and measures --- Body composition --- Weight gain --- Weight loss --- Social aspects --- History. --- Disorders

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"Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents"--Publisher's description.

Physical education and training. --- Physical fitness for children. --- Physical education and training --- Physical fitness for children --- Overweight --- North America --- Age Groups --- Overnutrition --- Education, Nonprofessional --- Body Weight --- Americas --- Persons --- Education --- Nutrition Disorders --- Body Size --- Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Signs and Symptoms --- Named Groups --- Geographic Locations --- Geographicals --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Body Weights and Measures --- Diseases --- Body Constitution --- Physical Examination --- Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Diagnosis --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- United States --- Obesity --- Physical Education and Training --- Adolescent --- Child --- Social Sciences --- Recreation & Sports --- Health aspects

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As a result of the rapidly growing rate of obesity worldwide, clinicians are struggling to provide the best strategies for treating obese patients with concomitant pulmonary conditions. Obesity does not simply change the epidemiology of pulmonary disease; obesity has a profound impact on the pathophysiology of common pulmonary diseases. Obesity affects the severity of asthma, response to treatment, and is likely a major modifier of the phenotype of asthma. Obesity also appears to affect response to pathogens, and as such has a major influence on response to pneumonia, and has a significant impact on outcomes pertaining to acute lung injury in the intensive care unit. Obesity and Lung Disease: A Guide to Management is the first text in the field to cover the full range of issues related to managing obese patients with pulmonary problems. All the relevant conditions, in the context of obesity, are covered, including airway inflammation, sleep apnea, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, obesity hypoventilation, as well as others. Written by an international group of experts, this important new volume is an invaluable resource for all clinicians and scientists concerned with the challenging problems surrounding obesity and lung diseases.  .

Cardiopulmonary system -- Diseases. --- Lungs -- Diseases. --- Obesity -- Complications. --- Lungs --- Cardiopulmonary system --- Obesity --- Overweight --- Overnutrition --- Respiratory Tract Diseases --- Body Weight --- Nutrition Disorders --- Diseases --- Body Size --- Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases --- Signs and Symptoms --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Body Weights and Measures --- Body Constitution --- Physiological Phenomena --- Physical Examination --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Phenomena and Processes --- Diagnosis --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Lung Diseases --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Respiratory System Diseases --- Complications --- Obesity. --- Diseases. --- Pulmonary diseases --- Adiposity --- Corpulence --- Fatness --- Medicine. --- Internal medicine. --- Endocrinology. --- Primary care (Medicine). --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Medicine/Public Health, general. --- Internal Medicine. --- Primary Care Medicine. --- Body weight --- Metabolism --- Nutrition disorders --- Disorders --- Emergency medicine. --- Medicine, Emergency --- Critical care medicine --- Disaster medicine --- Medical emergencies --- Medicine, Internal --- Internal medicine --- Hormones --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Endocrinology . --- Primary medical care --- Medical care

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Limited-edition flavor promotions. Pop-ups on the Net. Junk food blogs. Cereal ads in cartoon shows. Between traditional and emerging media, today's youth are exposed to more advertisements for food and beverages than ever--and, unfortunately, the rising number of overweight and obese children and teenagers reflects this, as do the alarming rates of weight-related disease among young people.   Advances in Communication Research to Reduce Childhood Obesity focuses not only on the power of media in driving food choices in youth, but how these same media may be harnessed in reversing the obesity epidemic. Spanning psychology, marketing, and policy, the book explores the range of advertising strategies targeting young people, salient technological innovations, food industry responses to recent policy initiatives, and issues concerning groups who are at greater risk such as minors from lower-income households who are often faced with food insecurity and poor nutrition, which typically impact communities of color, and pre-teens. Its focus on the multiple levels of communication across these concerns offers readers important insights into both the scope of the problem and the opportunities for solutions. Included in the coverage:   The strategic nature of marketing to children and adolescents by food and beverage companies. The role of schools in food and beverage marketing. A multi-method study of how youth perceive and evaluate food advertising. First Amendment implications for combating obesity through regulation of advertising. Targeted marketing of junk food to minority youth: communities fight back. Leveraging industry efforts to fight childhood obesity.   Advances in Communication Research to Reduce Childhood Obesity is thought- and action-provoking reading for applied researchers in public health, health promotion, health psychology, maternal and child health, obesity epidemiology, health marketing, and health education.

Obesity in children --- Advertising --- Nutrition in mass media --- Mass media and children --- Overnutrition --- Overweight --- Communication --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Age Groups --- Nutrition Disorders --- Persons --- Body Weight --- Health Care --- Information Science --- Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases --- Body Size --- Named Groups --- Signs and Symptoms --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Diseases --- Body Weights and Measures --- Body Constitution --- Physical Examination --- Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Diagnosis --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Adolescent --- Child --- Obesity --- Health Communication --- Public Health --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Public Health - General --- Pediatrics --- Prevention --- Food --- Health aspects --- Obesity in children. --- Obesity in adolescence. --- Adolescent obesity --- Childhood obesity --- Corpulence in children --- Medicine. --- Health promotion. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. --- Nutrition disorders in adolescence --- Metabolic disorders in children --- Nutrition disorders in children --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Health promotion programs --- Health promotion services --- Promotion of health --- Wellness programs --- Preventive health services --- Health education