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The history of eugenics in the Baltic States is largely unknown. The book compares for the first time the eugenic projects of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and the related disciplines of racial anthropology and psychiatry, and situates them within the wider European context. Strong ethno-nationalism defined the nation as a biological group, which was fostered by authoritarian regimes established in Lithuania in 1926, and in Estonia and Latvia in 1934. The eugenics projects were designed to establish a nation in biological terms. Their aims were to render the nation ethnically, genetically and racially homogeneous. The main agenda was a non-democratic state that defined its population in biological terms. Eugenic policies were to regenerate the nation and to reconstruct it as a “pure” and “original” race, Such schemes for national regeneration contained strong elements of secular religion.

Eugenics --- Homiculture --- Race improvement --- Euthenics --- Heredity --- Involuntary sterilization --- History --- Estonia --- Latvia --- Lithuania --- Leedu Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik --- Lietuva --- Lietuvos Respublika --- Lietuvos T.S.R. --- Lietuvos TSR --- Liṭa --- Liṭe --- Lithuanian S.S.R. --- Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic --- Lithuanian SSR --- Litovska SSR --- Litovskai︠a︡ Sovetskai︠a︡ Sot︠s︡ialisticheskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Litovskai︠a︡ SSR --- Litovskaya S.S.R. --- Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sot︠s︡ialisticheskaya Respublika --- Litovskaya SSR --- Lituania --- Lituanie --- Litva --- Litwa --- Republic of Lithuania --- Литва --- 立陶宛 --- Litaowan --- Lithuanie --- Litauen --- Litvánia --- リトアニア共和国 --- Ritoania Kyōwakoku --- リトアニア --- Ritoania --- 리투아니아 --- Litvanya --- Ostland --- Poland --- Politics and government --- Eugénisme --- Histoire

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Before collectivization of agriculture in Estonia, “kulaks” (better-off farmers) were persecuted and many of them were finally deported in March 1949. This book is situated on the local level; the aim is to understand what these processes meant from the perspective of the Estonian rural population, a kind of study that has been missing so far. Analyzes the mechanisms of repression, applying new aspects. Repression was mainly conducted through a bureaucratic process where individual denunciations were not even necessary. The main tool of persecution was a screening of the rural population with the help of records, censuses and local knowledge, in order to identify, or invent, “kulak families”. Moreover, in the Estonian sources, the World War II history of each individual was a crucial part of screenings. The prisoners of war of the Red Army, held in camps in Estonia, played an unexpected part in this campaign. Another result is a so far neglected wave of peaceful resistance as the kulak identifications were challenged in 1947-48. This has not been addressed in the existing literature. The results mainly answer the question “how” this process worked, whereas the question ”why” finds hypothetical responses in the life trajectories of actors.

Collectivization of agriculture --- State-sponsored terrorism --- Communism --- Peasants --- Collective farms --- Land tenure --- History. --- History --- Estonia --- Rural conditions --- Agrarian tenure --- Feudal tenure --- Freehold --- Land ownership --- Land question --- Landownership --- Tenure of land --- Peasantry --- Bolshevism --- Communist movements --- Leninism --- Maoism --- Marxism --- Trotskyism --- Government violence --- Governmental violence --- State-sponsored violence --- State terrorism --- Violence, Governmental --- Violence, State-sponsored --- Agricultural collectivization --- Collective farming --- Collectivisation of agriculture --- Ėstonskai︠a︡ SSR --- Ėstonskai︠a︡ S.S.R. --- Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sot︠s︡ialisticheskaya Respublika --- Ėstonskai︠a︡ Sovetskaia Sot︠s︡ialisticheskaia Respublika --- Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic --- Estonskaya SSR --- Estonskaya S.S.R. --- Estonian SSR --- Estonian S.S.R. --- Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistik Vabariik --- ENSV --- E.N.S.V. --- Eesti --- Ėstonii︠a︡ --- Eesti Vabariik --- Esthonia --- Estland --- Eesti NSV --- Republic of Estonia --- Ehstland --- Esthland --- R.P.S.S. Estonia --- RPSS Estonia --- Estonija --- Land use, Rural --- Real property --- Land, Nationalization of --- Landowners --- Serfdom --- Agriculture, Cooperative --- Collective settlements --- Communism and agriculture --- State farms --- Agricultural laborers --- Rural population --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Villeinage --- Collectivism --- Totalitarianism --- Post-communism --- Socialism --- Village communities --- Political atrocities --- Terrorism --- Agriculture and state --- Ostland --- Ėstli︠a︡ndskai︠a︡ gubernīi︠a︡ (Russia) --- E-books --- Viro --- Эстония --- Collectivization, Agriculture, Communism, Estonia, Prisoners of war, Rural conditions, Soviet Union. --- Collectivization of agriculture-Estonia-History. --- Collectivization of agriculture-Soviet Union-History. --- State-sponsored terrorism-Estonia-History. --- Communism-Estonia-History-20th century. --- Peasants-Estonia-History-20th century. --- Collective farms-Estonia-History. --- Land tenure-Estonia-History. --- Estonia-Rural conditions-20th century. --- Estonia-History-1940-1991.