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Book
Étude du rôle de SHP2 dans la transformation des cellules par des récepteurs mutants du PDGF
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2013 Publisher: Bruxelles: UCL. Faculté de pharmacie et des sciences biomédicales,

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Abstract

Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRa and PDGFR) are tyrosine kinase receptors that have stimulatory effects on cell proliferation and motility. Genetie alterations of these receptors cause a permanent signal via different signal transduction cascades and are responsible for different types of cancers. These gene alterations include chromosomal rearrangements, like the fusion FIP lLl-PDGFRa (FPa), created by an internai deletion onchromosome 4 and found in myeloid neoplasms associated with hypereosinophilia. Point mutations have also been described, especially PDGFRa0842v in gastrointestinal stroma} tumors. Our laboratory performed systematic directed mutagenesis to find which tyrosine residues are important for FPa signaling. This study showed that only the tyrosine at position 720 was necessary for cell proliferation and signaling through STAT5 and MAP kinases induced by FPa. PDGFRa recruits the phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP2 via phosphorylated Y720. Therefore, we wondered if SHP2 was important in cell proliferation induced by FPa. Furthermore, the implication of Tyr720 in the activity of other mutants, Iike PDGFRa0842v, isnot yet known. Thus, the purpose of this work is to study the role of SHP2 in cell proliferation and signaling induced by mutated PDGFRs. Firstly, we inhibited SHP2 expression with shRNA, in Ba/F3 cells expressing either FPa or PDGFRa0842v. Our results indicate that SHP2 seems to be necessary for cell proliferation induced by these two mutants and for the activation of the MAPK pathway. However, SHP2 seems Iess important downstream of the wild-type receptor. Then, we introduced the point mutation Tyr720Phe in PDGFRa0842v. Our experiments show that the residue Y720 is important for cell proliferation induced by PDGFRa0842v and the activation of the MAPK pathway, but not for STAT5 activation. To conclude, it appears that PDGFRa.0842v behaves similarly to FPa : both mutants recruit SHP2 via Tyr720, causing activation of the MAPK pathway and cell transformation. Nevertheless,the mechanism of STAT5 activation may differ downstream these two mutants. The substrates of SHP2 that are responsible for the MAPK pathway activation remain to be determined. Les facteurs de croissance dérivés des plaquettes ou PDGFs se fixent sur deux récepteurs (PDGFRa et PDGFRP) qui possèdent une activité tyrosine kinase et qui sont impliqués dans la prolifération et la migration cellulaire. Des altérations génétiques de ces récepteurs entrainent une activation constitutive de voies de signalisation causant différents types de cancers. Parmi ces altérations, on retrouve des réarrangements chromosomiques, comme une délétion au sein du chromosome 4 menant à une protéine de fusion : FIPI LI-PDGFRa (FPa), que l'on peut identifier dans certains néoplasmes myéloïdes associées à une hyperéosinophilie. Des mutations ponctuelles ont également été décrites, notammentPDGFRa0842v, un mutant impliqué dans des tumeurs gastrointestinales.Notre laboratoire a recherché par mutagenèse systématique les tyrosines du récepteur impliquées dans la signalisation par FPa. Cette étude a montré qu'une seule tyrosine en position 720 est nécessaire pour la prolifération ainsi que l'activation de STATS et de la voie ERK induites par FPa. Le PDGFRa sauvage lie la protéine tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 au niveau du résidu Tyr720 phosphorylé. Dès lors, la question se pose de savoir si la prolifération induite par FPa implique SHP2. En outre, la participation du résidu Tyr720 dansl'activité oncogénique d'autres mutants tel que le PDGFRa0842v reste à déterminer. Le but de ce travail est donc d'étudier le rôle joué par SHP2 dans la prolifération cellulaire induite par des PDGFRs mutés ainsi que sa place dans les voies de signalisation impliquées.Premièrement, nous avons inhibé l'expression de SHP2 à l'aide de shARN, dans des cellules Ba/F3 exprimant soit FPa soit le mutant PDGFRa0842v. Les résultats montrent que SHP2 semble nécessaire à la prolifération cellulaire induite par ces mutants ainsi qu'à l'activation de la voie ERK. Par contre, SHP2 semble jouer un rôle beaucoup moins important en aval du récepteur sauvage. Ensuite, nous avons introduit la mutation Tyr720Phe dans PDGFRa0842v.Nos expériences montrent que la Tyr720 est nécessaire à la prolifération cellulaire induite par PDGFRav 0842et à l'activation de la voie ERK, mais pas à la phosphorylation de STATS. En conclusion, il semblerait donc que PDGFRa0842v se comporte de la manière similaire à FPa : ces deux mutants recrutent SHP2 via la Tyr720, conduisant à l'activation de la voie ERK et à la transformation des cellules. Cependant, le mécanisme d'activation de STAT5 en aval de ces deux mutants semble être différent. Les substrats de SHP2 permettant l'activation de la voie ERK restent encore à déterminer.


Book
Platelets
Author:
ISBN: 1283706490 0123878381 0123878373 9780123878380 9780123878373 Year: 2013 Publisher: Amsterdam Elsevier

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PLATELETS is the definitive current source of state-of-the-art knowledge about platelets and covers the entire field of platelet biology, pathophysiology, and clinical medicine. Recently there has been a rapid expansion of knowledge in both basic biology and the clinical approach to platelet-related diseases including thrombosis and hemorrhage. Novel platelet function tests, drugs, blood bank storage methods, and gene therapies have been incorporated into patient care or are in development. This book draws all this information into a single, comprehensive and authoritative resource.


Book
Consultative hemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 1455722960 1455733296 9781455733293 9781455722969 9780323462020 0323462022 0323477852 Year: 2013 Publisher: Philadelphia, PA Elsevier/Saunders

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"With authoritative coverage of rare and common hemostatic disorders, Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis, 4th Edition, keeps you both up to date with all that's new in this fast-moving field as well as reviewing background and development and citing pertinent classical literature. Broad differential diagnoses are provided, underscoring the editors' position that correct treatment begins with correct diagnosis"--Publisher's description.


Book
Antiplatelet and Anticoagulation Therapy
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1447142969 1447142977 Year: 2013 Publisher: London : Springer London : Imprint: Springer,

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Aspirin has been in clinical use for over 100 years, making it one of the oldest commonly used drugs in medicine, and is now predominantly used as an antiplatelet agent. Major new antiplatelet drug classes have recently become available for the clinician that offer the promise of major improvements in the treatment and prevention of arterial thrombotic disease. In the field of anticoagulation, the vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin have not been available for as long as aspirin in the antiplatelet field, and have also had very little in the way of competition until recently; although a number of parenteral anticoagulants have been available, the vitamin K antagonists have been the only orally active anticoagulant drugs. The last few years have seen the arrival of new drug classes, the orally active direct thrombin inhibitors and factor Xa antagonists, which offer a number of advantages, but not without important drawbacks. In the face of these important advances in both antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, clinicians often feel confused, even overwhelmed, as to what is now available and which drugs are useful (and indicated) in which circumstances. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapy is designed with such people in mind. It is written in an easy-to-follow format and with many illustrations to aid clarity and the assimilation of information. Each chapter is written by established authorities in their fields who are also experienced in explaining often complex concepts. The result is a unique book which is not only comprehensive but also clear and useful for the busy medical practitioner.

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