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Kangaroo rats.

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Thomas Wright Jackson... Cleaning is to be done in the most thorough manner possible, searching meanwhileforratnests and ratharbors; repiling... Specimenorderissued to SanitaryInspector assisting in Plague Suppression byMedical Inspector in charge. Sanitary Inspector, Bureauof Health: Please place the gang of workmen under your charge in the square bounded by Calles Velasquez, Moriones ...

Rats as carriers of disease. --- Plague.

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One of the inevitable consequences of ageing is the progressive widening of pulse pressure resulting from stiffening of large arteries. While a large body of literature has been devoted to understanding blood pressure, a parameter proven to be predictive of cardiovascular health, very few books are devoted to explaining arterial stiffening, how it worsens, and why is it important for physicians to consider arterial stiffening when treating resistant hypertension. This book fills this gap. The...

Aorta --- Rats. --- Rat --- Muridae --- Arteries --- Blood --- Chest --- Pathophysiology. --- Circulation

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Neuroplasticity in the brain is dynamically controlled in space and time. Different permissive factors and molecular brakes establish and eventually stabilize optimal functional networks in such a way that they are still capable to adapt in response to experience. The visual cortex has been a valuable research model to study neocortical development, function and plasticity from mice to men. For instance, partial loss of vision by monocular enucleation (ME) early in life and in adulthood has been linked to widespread structural and functional reorganization in the visual cortex after short- and long-term survival times. However, the deprivation effects in ages that represent adolescence and cortical changes along the full extent of the visual and non-visual cortices are often overlooked. In that regard we initiated this doctoral project to fulfill these shortcomings. In adult mice, complete reactivation of deprived visual cortex involves an early visually driven recovery followed by multimodal plasticity 3 to 7 weeks post-ME and had been discovered at the beginning of this investigation. We have specifically investigated the age dependence of the onset and the exact timing of both ME-induced reactivation processes by comparing cortical activity patterns of mice enucleated at postnatal day 45 (adolescence) or 120 (adult). Radioactive in situ hybridization for the activity reporter gene zif268 in the visual cortex of adolescent and adult ME mice revealed striking differences. A swifter open-eye potentiated reactivation, between 3 and 5 days, characterized the binocular visual cortex of adolescent mice yet even after 7 weeks, the reactivation remained incomplete, especially in the medial monocular cortex. Consequently, we wondered to what extent monocular enucleation in mice of intermediate age group would induce enucleation-enabled plasticity. In comparison to adolescence, emergent cross-modal participation was demonstrated in P90 animals, although robust reactivation similar to enucleated adults was not achieved yet. Concomitantly, 7 weeks post-ME, somatosensory and auditory cortex shifted from a hypoactive state in adolescence to hyperactivity in adulthood. Thus, we provide evidence for a pre-sensitive period in which gradual recruitment of cross-modal recovery upon long-term monocular enucleation coincides with the transition from adolescence to adulthood in mice. In other words, the cross-modal recruitment of visual cortex following late onset vision loss, at least for monocular enucleation, is stronger in adults.Since the cellular and molecular players that regulate co-occurrence of uni- and cross-modal plasticity specifically in adulthood remain largely elusive, a second aim of this thesis was to apply dark exposure, a housing strategy known to shift the cortical excitation-inhibition balance, as a tool to study the role of the GABAergic system in the age-dependent aspect of ME-induced plasticity. We examined if dark exposure has an impact on the visual cortex reactivation by placing mice in total darkness for 10 days prior to monocular enucleation. Intriguingly, dark exposure converted the outcome of monocular enucleation in adult mice into a more adolescent-like response. A permanent deficit in neuronal activity was detected, most likely reflecting the absence of the cross-modal facet of reactivation due to dark exposure. At the molecular level, monocular enucleation preferentially decreased vGAT levels and induced more GABA production via increased GAD65 and GAD67 levels in the medial monocular cortex. Yet these changes at the presynaptic site were independent of age or dark exposure. However, at the postsynaptic site, elevated levels of the GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit (mediating phasic inhibition) but not the delta subunit (mediating tonic inhibition), specifically characterized incomplete reactivation like in dark exposed and adolescent mice. Together, our molecular observations put the level of intracortical phasic inhibition forward as an important permissive factor for the age- and experience-dependent cross-modal response to long-term monocular enucleation.To conclude, monocular enucleation as well as dark exposure in the mouse will definitely be outstanding animal models to further decipher the cellular and molecular basis for the age- and experience-dependent response of the visual cortex to deprivation or lesions. In addition, they can enrich our understanding of cross-modal interactions and plasticity, in the emerging context of a high incidence of multimodal neurons and areas in the rodent and higher-order mammalian neocortex, including human.

599.323.4 --- Academic collection --- 599.323.4 Muridae. Mice. Rats. Hamsters. Voles. Lemmings. Field-mice. House-mice. Gerbil. Water-rat. Ondatra --- Muridae. Mice. Rats. Hamsters. Voles. Lemmings. Field-mice. House-mice. Gerbil. Water-rat. Ondatra --- Theses

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Les groupes de sociétés sont une réalité économique incontournable et la crise financière a particulièrement attiré l’attention sur les enjeux que les grands groupes font peser sur l’économie de l’Union européenne. Les spécificités de l’appartenance à un groupe de sociétés, que ce soit en matière de conflits d’intérêts, de responsabilité des administrateurs, d’entreprise en difficulté, de droit du travail, de droit pénal ou de droit fiscal, sont une source quotidienne de questions, les situations étant traditionnellement abordées en termes de société individuelle. Avec une approche résolument orientée vers la pratique et en proposant des solutions aux problèmes rencontrés, cet ouvrage traite : • de l’organisation du pouvoir dans les groupes ; • des spécificités des filiales en difficulté ; • du droit du travail dans les groupes ; • du fonctionnement du groupe au regard des principes de droit pénal ; • des aspects fiscaux ; • des évolutions récentes de droit européen et des transferts de sièges et restructurations. Le droit des groupes interpelle tous les praticiens, avocats, juristes d’entreprises, experts… qui conseillent les groupes ou les sociétés qui en font partie, en période de stabilité comme en cas de crise.

Commercial law. Economic law (general) --- Belgium --- E-books --- Conglomerate corporations --- Corporation law --- Conglomérats (Economie politique) --- Sociétés --- Law and legislation --- Droit --- EPUB-ALPHA-D EPUB-LIV-FT LIVDROIT STRADA-B --- Droit européen --- Droit commercial (droit européen) --- Sociétés