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Workers who are involuntarily displaced from their jobs can face long periods of unemployment. Wages also tend to be lower once they find a new job, especially when they are unable to find a new job in the same occupation as their pre-displacement job or in occupations using similar skills. Helping displaced workers back into work quickly and minimising the income losses they face is therefore an important challenge for employment policy. This series of reports provides new empirical evidence from a comparative perspective on the incidence of displacement and the risk displaced workers subsequently face of a long spell of unemployment and large wage losses when re-employed. It also identifies the main labour market programmes providing help to these workers and assesses how adequate and effective they are. Policy recommendations for further action are presented.   Nine countries are participating in the review: Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Sweden and the United States.

Employment --- Unemployment --- Joblessness --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Full employment policies --- Labor supply --- Manpower policy --- Underemployment --- Displaced workers --- Labor --- Dislocated workers --- Displaced employees --- Employees, Displaced --- Workers, Displaced --- Unemployed --- Labor and laboring classes --- Manpower --- Work --- Working class

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Many countries in Africa suffer high rates of underemployment or low rates of productive employment; many also anticipate large numbers of people to enter the workforce in the near future. This paper asks the question: Are African firms creating fewer jobs than those located elsewhere? And, if so, why? One reason may be that weak business environments slow the growth of firms and distort the allocation of resources away from better-performing firms, hence reducing their potential for job creation. The paper uses data from 41,000 firms across 119 countries to examine the drivers of firm growth, with a special focus on African firms. African firms, at any age, tend to be 20-24 percent smaller than firms in other regions of the world. The poor business environment, driven by limited access to finance, and the lack of availability of electricity, land, and unskilled labor have some value in explaining this difference. Foreign ownership, the export status of the firm, and the size of the market are also significant determinants of firm size. However, even after controlling for the business environment and for characteristics of firms and markets, about 60 percent of the size gap between African and non-African firms remains unexplained.

Business Environments --- E-Business --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign Ownership --- Industry --- Job Creation --- Labor Policies --- Private Sector Development --- Resource Allocation --- Small Scale Enterprise --- Social Protections and Labor --- Underemployment

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The severity of the Great Recession and the subsequent stagnation caught many economists by surprise. But a group of Keynesian scholars warned for some years that strong forces were leading the US toward a deep, persistent downturn. This book collects essays about these events from prominent macroeconomists who developed a perspective that predicted the broad outline and many specific aspects of the crisis. From this point of view, the recovery of employment and revival of strong growth requires more than short-term monetary easing and temporary fiscal stimulus. Economists and policy makers need to explore how the process of demand formation failed after 2007 and where demand will come from going forward. Successive chapters address the sources and dynamics of demand, the distribution and growth of wages, the structure of finance and challenges from globalization, and inform recommendations for monetary and fiscal policies to achieve a more efficient and equitable society.

Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Recessions --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009. --- Unemployment --- Keynesian economics. --- History --- Effect of inflation on --- United States --- Economic policy --- Post-Keynesian economics --- Schools of economics --- Joblessness --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Full employment policies --- Labor supply --- Manpower policy --- Right to labor --- Underemployment --- Global Economic Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Subprime Mortgage Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Financial crises --- Business cycles --- Depressions --- Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 --- Keynesian economics --- 331.01 --- 331.31 --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- Evolutie van de economische cycli --- Economisch beleid

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We analyse the effects of a government spending expansion in a DSGE model with Mortensen-Pissarides labour market frictions, deep habits in private and public consumption, investment adjustment costs, a constant-elasticity-of-substitution (CES) production function, and adjustments in employment both at the intensive as well as the extensive margin. The combination of deep habits and CES technology is crucial. The presence of deep habits magnifies the responses of macroeconomic variables to a fiscal stimulus, while an elasticity of substitution between capital and labour in the range of available estimates allows the model to produce a scenario compatible with the observed jobless recovery.

Fiscal policy --- Labor --- Unemployment --- Joblessness --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Full employment policies --- Labor supply --- Manpower policy --- Underemployment --- Labor and laboring classes --- Manpower --- Work --- Working class --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Econometric models. --- Government policy --- Econometric models --- E-books --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Employment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Fiscal Policy --- Labor Economics: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Fiscal stimulus --- Consumption --- National accounts --- Labor economics --- Expenditures, Public --- Economics --- United States

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Economic theory and empirical research confirm that the rising international integration caused an increase in aggregate income at least for the industrialized countries, although trade liberalization is no Pareto improvement. In the empirical literature, there is a consensus that the international integration implies a destruction of low-skilled job vacancies and an increase in income, while the conclusions are mixed concerning the implication for the overall unemployment rate. This book seeks to find theoretical explanations to these empirical regularities. The book poses three questions: What are the implications of trade liberalization for the labor market in the presence of trade unions if we account for both firm and worker heterogeneity ? What are the implications of a redistribution policy if the government chooses unemployment benefits to partially compensate the losers of trade liberalization ? What is the optimal redistribution scheme for trade gains if the government explicitly takes into account the consequences for the income distribution ? This book presents a rigorous theoretical analysis to answer the questions posed. Beside the well-known firm-selection effect on goods markets caused by trade liberalization, a selection process on the labor market -the worker-selection effect - is presented. The book also argues that if welfare is measured in the traditional manner, i.e. income per capita, compensating the loser of trade liberalization by paying unemployment benefits decreases welfare, but the intensity of the reduction differs with respect to the chosen funding of the unemployment benefits. Another significant contribution of this book is that if the objective function of the government, i.e. the modified welfare function, includes both aggregate income and income inequality, the redistributing of trade gains can lead to an increase in welfare.

International trade. --- Unemployment. --- International trade --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Joblessness --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Economic theory. --- Industrial organization. --- International economics. --- Labor economics. --- Economics. --- Labor Economics. --- International Economics. --- Economic Theory/Quantitative Economics/Mathematical Methods. --- Industrial Organization. --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Full employment policies --- Labor supply --- Manpower policy --- Right to labor --- Underemployment --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Social sciences --- Economic man --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Economics --- Industries --- Organization --- Industrial concentration --- Industrial management --- Industrial sociology