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Julia Markovits develops a desire-based, internalist account of what normative reasons are-an account which is compatible with the idea that moral reasons can apply to all of us, regardless of our desires. She builds on Kant's formula of humanity to defend universal moral reasons, and addresses the age-old question of why we should be moral.

Reason. --- Moral conditions.

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Leonidas Donskis Essay ist eine Kritik von Ideologie und Utopie. Die grundlegende These lautet, dass beide immer schon notwendige Ergänzungen der historischen und kulturellen Einbildungskraft waren, so dass das Böse nicht der Ideologie oder Utopie per se entspringt, sondern dem Versuch, sie eins zu eins in die gesellschaftliche Realität zu übersetzen. Die Kritik des Ideologischen und Utopischen erarbeitet Donskis vor der Folie der im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert vorherrschenden Auffassungen von Moral und Kulturkritik - im Kontext von Zivilisationsanalyse und Bewusstseinsgeschichte und in einer erhe

Culture --- Moral conditions --- Morals --- Social history --- Social norms --- Philosophy.

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Social values --- Values --- United States --- Moral conditions. --- Civilization.

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Social classes --- Japan --- Japan --- History --- Economic conditions --- Moral conditions --- History --- Japan --- Japan --- Social life and customs --- Social conditions

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By 1816, Japan had recovered from the famines of the 1780's and moved beyond the political reforms of the 1790's. Despite persistent economic and social stresses, the country seemed to be approaching a new period of growth. The idea that the shogunate would not last forever was far from anyone's mind. Yet, in that year, an anonymous samurai author completed one of the most detailed critiques of Edo society known today. Writing as Buyo Inshi, "a retired gentleman of Edo," he expresses a profound despair with the state of the realm and with people's behavior and attitudes. He sees decay wherever he turns and believes the world will soon descend into war. Buyo shows a familiarity with many corners of Edo life that one might not expect in a samurai. He describes the corruption of samurai officials; the suffering of the poor in villages and cities; the operation of brothels; the dealings of blind moneylenders; the selling and buying of temple abbotships; and the dubious strategies townspeople use in the law courts. Perhaps the frankness of his account, which contains a wealth of concrete information about Edo society, made him prefer to remain anonymous. This volume contains a full translation of Buyo's often-"ed but rarely studied work by a team of specialists on Edo society. Together with extensive annotation of the translation, the volume includes an introduction that situates the text culturally and historically.

Social classes --- History --- Japan --- Japan --- Japan --- Japan --- Social life and customs --- Social conditions --- Economic conditions --- Moral conditions --- History