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This paper introduces a new data set and establishes a set of basic facts and patterns regarding the trade that countries fight about under World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement. The paper characterizes the scope of products, as well as the levels of and changes to the trade values, market shares, volumes, and prices for those goods that eventually become subject to WTO litigation. The first result is striking heterogeneity in the level of market access at stake across disputes: for example, 14 percent of cases over disputed import products feature bilateral trade that is less than USD 1 million per year and another 15 percent feature bilateral trade that is more than USD 1 billion per year. Nevertheless, some strong patterns emerge from a more detailed examination of the data. Both high- and low-income complainants tend to suffer important losses in foreign market access in the products that ultimately become subject to dispute. Furthermore, although the respondent's imposition of an allegedly WTO-inconsistent policy is associated with reductions, on average, in trade values, volumes, and exporter-received prices, there is some evidence of differences in the size of these changes across the different types of policies under dispute and the potential exporter country litigants. Finally, these different types of policies under dispute can have dissimilar trade effects for the complainant relative to other (non-complainant) exporters of the disputed product and this is likely to affect the litigation allegiance of third countries.

Dispute Settlement --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Free Trade --- International Economics & Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets & Market Access --- Private Sector Development --- Trade Agreements --- Trade Law --- WTO

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Despite the widespread tariff reductions sparked by the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement, borders in the region remain thick, with many hurdles standing in the way of regional trade. Although anecdotal evidence suggests that nontariff measures raise trade costs and inhibit trade in the region, little is known about the magnitude of these economic effects. This paper uses a newly collected data set to quantify the incidence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade in the region and benchmarks it with other parts of the world. The results indicate that the Central American region has the lowest prevalence of technical nontariff measures in the world. However, there is significant heterogeneity of trade-related regulations in Central America; for instance, 48 percent of Salvadoran imports are subject to at least one nontariff measure, compared with just 16 percent of Honduran imports. The paper estimates the impact of these technical measures on border prices and finds that the price impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures is equivalent to an ad-valorem tariff of 11.6 percent. This price-rising effect is further investigated by looking in detail at the impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on the prices of beef, chicken meat, bread, and dairy products in Guatemala. The impact is estimated to be equivalent to an ad-valorem tariff of 68.4 percent, 51.4 percent, 22.0 percent, and 5.0 percent, respectively. The paper shows that efforts to streamline key sanitary and phytosanitary measures affecting these products by, for example, reducing the cost and time required to obtain sanitary registries, would likely reduce the Guatemalan urban extreme poverty rate from 5.07 percent to 4.91 percent.

Economic Integration --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets & Market Access --- Nontariff Barriers --- Private Sector Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Trade Policy --- WTO

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This paper provides a detailed explanation how the law of the World Trade Organization regulates environmental subsidies with a focus on renewable energy subsidies. The paper begins by discussing the economic justifications for such subsidies and the criticisms of them and then gives examples of categories of subsidies. The paper provides an overview of the relevant World Trade Organization rules and case law, including the recent Canada-Renewable Energy case. The paper also makes specific recommendations for how World Trade Organization law can be improved and discusses the literature on reform proposals. The study finds that because of a lack of clarity in World Trade Organizaion rules, for some clean energy subsidies, a government will not know in advance whether the subsidy is World Trade Organization-legal.

Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Environmental Subsidies --- Green Subsidies --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Taxation & Subsidies --- Trade Law --- World Trade Organization --- WTO

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This book is a political history of the Tokyo Round (1973--1979), the largest and most significant multilateral trade negotiation since the founding of the GATT in 1947. Gilbert Winham provides a detailed account of the processes by which the negotiation was accomplished and an assessment of the Tokyo Round's substantive impact on the international trading system.Originally published in 1987.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Commercial policy --- 334.153.1 --- 337.51 --- 382.50 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Foreign trade policy --- International trade --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Handel, douanetarief en handelsakkoorden in de Europese Gemeenschappen --- Bijzondere wederkerigheid of algemene gelijkheid bij douane. Kennedy Round. Tokio Round --- Internationale handelsbetrekkingen: algemeenheden --- Government policy --- Tokyo Round --- Nixon Round --- Tokyo Round, --- Tokyo Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations --- Tonggyŏng Raundŭ --- 339.542 --- 339.542 Buitenlandse handelsovereenkomsten. Multilaterale/bilaterale handelsbesprekingen. Tarieven. Uitvoerrechten. Gatt. Handelsconferenties. WTO --- Buitenlandse handelsovereenkomsten. Multilaterale/bilaterale handelsbesprekingen. Tarieven. Uitvoerrechten. Gatt. Handelsconferenties. WTO --- Internationale handelsbetrekkingen: algemeenheden. --- Commercial policy. --- Politique commerciale.

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Intellectual property --- Intellectual property (International law) --- International law --- IP (Intellectual property) --- Proprietary rights --- Rights, Proprietary --- Intangible property --- Law and legislation --- Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights --- Accord sur les aspects des droits de propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce --- ADPIC --- Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization --- Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- Agreement on TRIPs --- Guan mao zong xie ding yu mao yi you guan de zhi shi can quan xie ding (1994 April 15) --- Ittifāqīyat al-Jawānib al-Muttaṣilah bi-al-Tijārah min Ḥuqūq al-Milkīyah al-Fikrīyah (1994 April 15) --- Soglashenie po torgovym aspektam prav intellektualʹnoĭ sobstvennosti --- TRIPs --- TRIPs Agreement --- Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights --- World Trade Organization-TRIPs Agreement --- WTO Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights --- WTO-TRIPs Agreement