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The Gender Challenge of Hebrew is the first book to delve in depth into the problem of gender representation over the 3,000-year history of the Hebrew language. By analyzing and illustrating the grammatical characteristics of gender in Biblical, Mishnaic, Medieval and Modern Hebrew, Malka Muchnik reveals the social and cultural issues that they reflect. Gender discrimination in all periods of Hebrew is shown in sacred, liturgical and literary texts, as well as in the popular language spoken today. All of them testify to the problematic status of women, who were traditionally excluded from religious studies and public activities, and in recent decades have been struggling to change this practice. Malka Muchnik shows that linguistic change remains a challenging goal.

22.02*1 --- Bijbelse filologie: hebreeuws --- 22.02*1 Bijbelse filologie: hebreeuws --- Hebrew language --- Gender. --- Sex differences. --- Jewish language --- Jews --- Semitic languages, Northwest --- Languages

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Reconsideration of the nature of the Greek attested in both the Septuagint and the New Testament has focussed in the past century on its place within the history of Greek. A central facet of the work of John Lee has been to demonstrate that biblical Greek is contemporary Koine, comparable to that found in inscriptions and papyri, and that it can be positioned within the history of the language. These essays honour him in considering various aspects of biblical Greek within its context. Lexicography is discussed in the light of particular 'Jewish Greek' features, the role of context for semantics, and the use of Modern Greek in lexicons. Septuagint translation techniques involving transliterations, loan-words, and ethnic terminology, and the grammatical topics of deponency and verbal aspect, are all analysed. The importance of papyri and numismatic evidence is highlighted, while the material witnessess of doublets in the manuscript tradition and of later Jewish versions represented in the Cairo Genizah and in marginal glosses are also examined.

Biblical Greek --- Bijbels Grieks --- Grec biblique --- Grec néo-testamentaire --- Greek language [Biblical ] --- Grieks [Bijbel] --- Grieks [Nieuwtestamentisch ] --- New Testament Greek --- Nieuwtestamentisch Grieks --- Greek language, Biblical. --- Greek literature --- 22.02*3 --- History and criticism. --- Bijbelse filologie: grieks --- Bible --- Holy Scriptures (Bible) --- Language, style. --- 22.02*3 Bijbelse filologie: grieks --- Biblia --- Language, style --- History and criticism --- Lee, John A.L. --- Greek language, Biblical

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The Aramaic texts among the Dead Sea Scrolls are among the most important discoveries for the history of Aramaic and for the background of early Judaism and Christianity. They constitute a “missing link” between Biblical Aramaic and the later Aramaic of the targums and midrashic literature. Among them are the oldest texts we have of the Book of Enoch and Tobit, as well as the earliest Aramaic translation of a portion of Scripture, the Targum of Job. Other previously unknown texts such as the Genesis Apocryphon and the Aramaic Levi Document have opened up many new avenues of research on the literature of early Judaism, and the dialect itself is chronologically the one nearest to the origins of Christianity. Now, for the first time, there is a comprehensive dictionary of all the Aramaic texts from the 11 Qumran caves, from a noted specialist in Qumran Aramaic. It is the first dictionary in any language devoted solely to this important Aramaic corpus and contains a wealth of detail, including definitions, extensive citations of the sources, discussions of difficult passages, revised readings, and a bibliography. It will be an indispensable resource to anyone interested in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the literature of early Judaism and Christianity, and the Aramaic language.

Aramaic language --- Araméen (Langue) --- Hébreux (Langue) --- Dialects --- Dictionaries --- English --- English. --- Dialectes --- Dictionnaires anglais --- Aramean language --- Biblical Aramaic language --- Chaldaic language --- Chaldean language (Aramaic) --- Chaldee language --- Araméen (Langue) --- Hébreux (Langue) --- 22.02*2 --- 229*310 --- 229*310 Qumran --- Qumran --- 22.02*2 Bijbelse filologie: aramees --- Bijbelse filologie: aramees --- Semitic languages, Northwest --- Syriac language --- 229*313 --- 229*313 Qumran:--paleografie en linguistische problemen --- Qumran:--paleografie en linguistische problemen --- Aramaic language. --- Idioma arameo --- Dialects. --- Dialectos --- Ingles. --- West Bank --- Palestine --- Ḍaffah al-Gharbīyah --- Gadah ha-maʻaravit --- Judaea and Samaria --- Judea and Samaria --- West Bank of the Jordan River --- Yehudah ṿeha-Shomron --- Qumrān --- Qumran Site --- Qumrān --- Aramaic language - Dialects - West Bank - Qumran Site - Dictionaries. --- Aramaic language - Dictionaries - English

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The Hebrew of the Late Second Temple Period is directly attested in the Scrolls from Qumran and other manuscripts discovered in the Judaean Desert. Indirectly, it is also found in some manuscripts copied in later times, which still preserve linguistic elements of the Hebrew from the period in which the texts were authored. Often referred to as the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls or Qumran Hebrew, and positioned chronologically between Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew, its nature remains disputed. Some essays in this volume deal with linguistic and philological problems of this Late Second Temple Period Hebrew. Other papers discuss the nature and linguistic profile of the Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

Dead Sea scrolls --- 22.02*1 --- 229*3 --- Academic collection --- Bijbelse filologie: hebreeuws --- Dode Zeerollen en intertestamentaire literatuur --- Conferences - Meetings --- 229*3 Dode Zeerollen en intertestamentaire literatuur --- 22.02*1 Bijbelse filologie: hebreeuws --- Hebrew language, Post-Biblical --- Post-Biblical Hebrew language --- Bible. --- Ben Sira (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Book of Ben Sira (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Book of Sirach (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Ecclesiasticus (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Ḥokhmat Shimʻon ben Sira (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Ḥokhmat Yehoshuʻa ben Sira (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Jesus Sirach (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Sefer Ben Sira (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Sefer Ḥokhmat Yehoshuʻa ben Sira (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Sirach (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Sirachbuch (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Wisdom of Ben Sira (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Wisdom of Sirach (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Words of Simeon ben Jeshua (Book of the Apocrypha) --- Language, style --- Jerusalem scrolls --- ʻAin Fashka scrolls --- Jericho scrolls --- Scrolls, Dead Sea --- Qumrân scrolls --- Rękopisy z Qumran --- Shikai bunsho --- Megilot Midbar Yehudah --- Dodezee-rollen --- Kumránské rukopisy --- Documentos de Qumrán --- Textos de Qumrán --- Rollos del Mar Muerto --- Manuscritos del Mar Muerto --- Manuscrits de la mer Morte --- Dödahavsrullarna --- Kumranin kirjoitukset --- Kuolleenmeren kirjoitukset --- Qumranhandskrifterna --- Qumranin kirjoitukset --- Qumran Caves scrolls