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The facts of the tragedy are established : on 15 April 2013, two homemade bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and wounding 264 others. The elder of the brothers implicated in the attack, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, died in the ensuing manhunt; Dzhokhar's trial got underway in early 2015. What we don't know is why. How did such a nightmare come to pass ? The author delivers here a powerful story of dislocation, and the longing for clarity and identity that can reach the point of combustion. She reconstructs the struggle between assimilation and alienation that fuelled the Tsarnaev brothers' apparent metamorphosis into a new breed of homegrown terrorist, with their feet planted on American soil but their loyalties elsewhere - a split identity that seems to have incubated a deadly sense of mission.

BOSTON MARATHON BOMBING, BOSTON, MASS., 2013 --- TERRORISM--USA

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Chapter 4 of this book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license via link.springer.com.

Women --- Violence in women. --- Political Philosophy. --- Social Philosophy. --- Gender Studies. --- Feminism. --- Crime and Society. --- Ethics. --- Violence against. --- violence --- prostitution --- suicide bombing --- women --- rape --- pornography --- domestic violence

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A hinge moment in recent American history, 1995 was an exceptional year. Drawing on interviews, oral histories, memoirs, archival collections, and news reports, W. Joseph Campbell presents a vivid, detail-rich portrait of those memorable twelve months. This book offers fresh interpretations of the decisive moments of 1995, including the emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web in mainstream American life; the bombing at Oklahoma City, the deadliest attack of domestic terrorism in U.S. history; the sensational "Trial of the Century," at which O.J. Simpson faced charges of double murder; the U.S.-brokered negotiations at Dayton, Ohio, which ended the Bosnian War, Europe’s most vicious conflict since the Nazi era; and the first encounters at the White House between Bill Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, a liaison that culminated in a stunning scandal and the spectacle of the president’s impeachment and trial. As Campbell demonstrates in this absorbing chronicle, 1995 was a year of extraordinary events, a watershed at the turn of the millennium. The effects of that pivotal year reverberate still, marking the close of one century and the dawning of another.

Nineteen ninety-five, A.D. --- 1995 A.D. --- Nineteen hundred ninety-five, A.D. --- Year nineteen ninety-five, A.D. --- Nineteen nineties --- United States --- Politics and government --- Social conditions --- 1993-2001 --- 20th century --- Nineteen ninety-five --- Nineteen ninety-five, A.D.. --- United States -- Politics and government -- 1993-2001.. --- United States -- Social conditions -- 20th century. --- american culture. --- american history. --- american politics. --- american presidency. --- beginning of the internet. --- bill clinton. --- bombing. --- bosnian war. --- domestic terrorism. --- double murder. --- government and governing. --- high profile case. --- history. --- impeachment. --- international negotiations. --- internet. --- late 20th century american history. --- mainstream. --- monica lewinsky. --- oj simpson. --- oklahoma city bombing. --- political scandal. --- president clinton. --- retrospective. --- scandal. --- trial of the century. --- trial. --- united states of america. --- world wide web.

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structure and characteristics of terrorist organizations --- leadership --- command cadre and network structures --- decline of terrorist organizations --- global jihad movement --- the al-Qaeda organization --- global jihad trajectory --- ideological collision --- Afghanistan --- Azzam --- Zawahiri --- global jihad against the West --- the structure of Al-Qaeda --- mobilization --- Al-Qaeda leadership in Iran --- Jemaah Islamiyah of Southeast Asia --- Mantiqi I --- Singapore --- Malaysia --- Thailand --- Mantiqi II --- Indonesia --- Mantiqi III --- Philippines --- Mantiqi IV --- Australia --- funding --- 11 september attacks --- anthrax --- The United States West Coast --- Bali bombing --- Marriott bombing, Jakarta --- Australian Embassy bombing, Jakarta --- Ritz-Carlton and JW Marriot attack 2009 --- Israeli targets in Australia --- El Al flight in Bangkok --- APEC Summit --- Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula --- AQAP --- the Yemeni regime --- Yemen --- the Arab Spring --- military power and capabilities --- training camps --- guerilla and terror --- international global jihad activity --- Anwar al-Awlaki influenced groups and individuals --- Nassir al-Wuhaysi --- Abu Bassir al-Yamani --- Saeed al-Shiri --- Qasim al-Rimi --- Abu Huraira al-Sanani --- Ibrahim Hassan Tali al-Assiri --- Abdel Bin Abdullah Bin Thabit al-Abbab --- Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb --- AQIM --- Lashkar-e-Toyba --- Army of the Pure --- the Taliban --- Jemaah Islamiyah --- Abu Sayyaf Group --- ASG --- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan --- IMU --- Islamic Jihad Union --- IJU --- Libyan Islamic Fighting Group --- LIFG --- the Muslim Bortherhood --- Shabaab al-Mujahidin - Somalia --- Lebanese Hezbollah --- Abdullah Azzam Brigades --- Jaish-e-Mohamed --- Harakat al-Mujahidien --- HUM --- East Turkestan Islamic Movement --- ETIM --- Pakistan's federally administered tribal areas --- Iraq --- Kurds --- Abu Musab al-Zarqawi --- Tawhid Wal Jihad Group --- Ansar al-Islam --- Ansar al-Sunna --- Tanzim Qaidat fi Bilad al-Rafidayn --- exporting terrorist operations from Iraq --- Chechnya --- radical islamist foreign fighters in Chechnya --- the Middle East --- Egypt --- Libya --- Syria --- Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham --- ISIS --- lone wolves --- homegrown cells --- preradicalization --- self-identity --- indoctrination --- Inspire Magazine

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On the morning of September 11, 2001, the entire world was introduced to Al Qaeda and its enigmatic leader, Osama bin Laden. But the organization that changed the face of terrorism forever and unleashed a whirlwind of counterterrorism activity and two major wars had been on the scene long before that eventful morning. In Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the Global Jihadist Movement: What Everyone Needs to Know, Daniel L. Byman, an eminent scholar of Middle East terrorism and international security who served on the 9/11 Commission, provides a sharp and concise overview of Al Qaeda, from its humble origins in the mountains of Afghanistan to the present, explaining its perseverance and adaptation since 9/11 and the limits of U.S. and allied counterterrorism efforts. The organization that would come to be known as Al Qaeda traces its roots to the anti-Soviet jihad in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Founded as the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, Al Qaeda achieved a degree of international notoriety with a series of spectacular attacks in the 1990s; however, it was the dramatic assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 9/11 that truly launched Al Qaeda onto the global stage. The attacks endowed the organization with world-historical importance and provoked an overwhelming counterattack by the United States and other western countries. Within a year of 9/11, the core of Al Qaeda had been chased out of Afghanistan and into a variety of refuges across the Muslim world. Splinter groups and franchised offshoots were active in the 2000s in countries like Pakistan, Iraq, and Yemen, but by early 2011, after more than a decade of relentless counterterrorism efforts by the United States and other Western military and intelligence services, most felt that Al Qaeda's moment had passed. With the death of Osama bin Laden in May of that year, many predicted that Al Qaeda was in its death throes. Shockingly, Al Qaeda has staged a remarkable comeback in the last few years. In almost every conflict in the Muslim world, from portions of the Xanjing region in northwest China to the African subcontinent, Al Qaeda franchises or like-minded groups have played a role. Al Qaeda's extreme Salafist ideology continues to appeal to radicalized Sunni Muslims throughout the world, and it has successfully altered its organizational structure so that it can both weather America's enduring full-spectrum assault and tailor its message to specific audiences

Polemology --- Islamic fundamentalism --- Terrorism --- Violence --- Intégrisme islamique --- Terrorisme --- Qaida (Organization) --- IS (Organization) --- ViolenceQaida (Organization) --- Intégrisme islamique --- Terrorism - Middle East --- Islamic fundamentalism - Middle East --- Violence - Middle East --- the anti-Soviet jihad --- the jihadist movement --- the United States --- Bin Laden --- Al Qaeda --- Sudan --- Egypt --- the Taliban --- 9-11 --- attacks and plots --- the 1998 embassy attacks --- the 9-11 attacks --- strategy and tactics --- suicide bombing --- lone wolves --- Al Qaeda training camp --- nuclear weapons --- salafi-jihadism --- Salafism --- Wahhabism --- Deobandism --- Ahl-e Hadith --- the Muslim Brotherhood --- killing civilians --- propaganda --- organization and recruitment --- Ayman al-Zawahiri --- the role of war --- the role of the internet --- money --- the 2003 Iraq war --- Iran and the Shi'a --- Saudi Arabia --- Pakistan --- Israel --- the Arab Spring --- Al Qaeda affiliates --- the Arabian Peninsula --- the Islamic Maghreb --- Al Shabaab --- Jabhat al-Nusra --- the Islamic State --- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi --- the Syrian government --- the Khorasan Group --- counterterrorism --- diplomacy --- the legal system --- military tribunals --- Guantanamo --- post 9-11 legal measures --- rendition --- US military force --- drones --- air strikes --- collecting intelligence --- allied governments --- radicalization --- Europe --- Islamitische Staat