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Heart failure --- Mortality

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Background: As the world population continues to grow, there is an enormous pressure on the environment. This pressure, which includes a warming climate, has led to an increase in the occurrence of climate-related disasters, of which flooding is the most common. As the number of flood occurrences increase, the deaths from such floods will also increase unless efficient adaptation measures are put in place. A global effort is now in place to reduce the risk and the impacts of the disasters. The present study aimed to explore the risk factors for lethality of floods globally in order to establish effective measures for prevention of flood related mortality. Methods: An ecological study was conducted to determine associations between 17 proxy indicators of vulnerability and flood events causing any mortality which occurred from 1985 to 2014. We combined data from EMDAT, World Bank and UNDP to investigate our hypothesis of interest. Deaths were dichotomized into no death or any deaths. The association was tested by conducting logistic regression at bath univariate and multivariate level, and expressed as odds ratios. A subset analysis of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) was also conducted to understand if these risk factors may differ in different settings. Results: A total of 3,527 flood events with 206,000 deaths were available. Statistically significant associations were noted between lethal floods and the following indicators: % population of females (odds ratio [OR] 0.7302; 95% Cl: 0.6656 - 0.7998), % population aged 65 and above (odds ratio [OR] 0.9546; 95% Cl: 0.9270 - 0.9816) ,% population with access to improved water source (odds ratio [ORJ 0.1044; 95% Cl: 0.1000 - 0.1020) and Urban population (odds ratio [OR] 1.1246; 95% Cl: 1.0393 - 1.2179). For the SIDS subset, the statistically significant associations were noted with annual urban population growth % (odds ratio [OR] 1.0291;95% Cl: 1.0009- 1.0051) and total % urban population (odds ratio [OR] 1.2896; 95% Cl: 1.0584- 1.5863).Conclusions: The risk factors which have been identified in the study can provide the necessary information for establishing future measures for reduction of flood mortality impact. A more comprehensive system for identifying other relevant risk factors needs to be established.

Mortality --- Floods --- Disasters

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Heart failure --- Mortality

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Hypertension --- Blood circulation disorders --- Mortality

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Mortality --- Hispanic Americans --- Health and hygiene