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Les régions et les villes sont aux premières lignes face aux défis auxquels sont confrontés les pays de l’OCDE aujourd’hui, allant de l’éducation et de l’emploi aux soins de santé et à la qualité de vie. « Réussir »  les régions et les villes, adapter les politiques aux spécificités des territoires où les gens résident et travaillent, est essentiel pour améliorer le bien-être des citoyens. Cette deuxième édition des Perspectives régionales de l’OCDE vise précisément à soutenir les pays en ce sens. La partie I examine les tendances et les défis de nos jours. La partie II est axée sur les villes, en se tournant vers l’investissement public, les cadres de politique urbaine et les liens urbain-rural. La partie III présente un débat autour du thème de l’avenir des villes, avec cinq contributions d’éminents responsables de politiques publiques de haut niveau et universitaires. La partie IV propose des fiches pays sur le développement régional pour les 34 pays membres de l’OCDE.

Urban, Rural and Regional Development

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The present work investigates the relationship between municipal fragmentation and regional per capita GDP growth rate, using a panel of OECD TL2 regions in the period 1996-2011. According to the fiscal decentralisation literature, fragmentation should enhance growth as local government closer to citizens can implement policies that better match their needs, thus providing services and public goods in a more efficient way. The presence of many local governments, however, may create problems in terms of overlapping functions, (dis)economies of scale, and policy fragmentation. The results of the empirical analysis show that municipal fragmentation has a negative impact on per capita GDP growth, thus supporting the view that costs prevail on benefits. The introduction of regional territorial characteristic – namely, the share of population living in rural areas – provides a different picture, however. The negative impact of fragmentation decreases with the share of population living in rural areas. Indeed, in extremely “rural” regions the effect turns mildly positive. This is because the costs and benefits of fragmentation have a different weight in urban and rural regions. The key insight is the different distribution of the population over the territory: more concentrated in urban than in rural regions. This implies that, for a given level of municipal fragmentation overlapping of function is more severe in urban regions (where people are likely to commute over municipal boundaries) than in rural area. In the same vein, for the same level of municipal fragmentation access to the local government is more difficult in rural areas (where people is sparsely located within municipal boundaries) than in urban areas. The policy implications of the analysis are twofold. Firstly, reducing municipal fragmentation may have a heterogeneous impact within the country, thus raising concern for one-size-fits-all policies of municipal agglomeration in favour of a place-based approach to institutional reform. For instance, the principle guiding municipal amalgamation should not be the average municipal size at the country level, but it should be weighted for the rural/urban characteristics of each region. Secondly, the analysis suggests that processes of agglomeration of people should be accompanied by a consistent amalgamation of the local administration, otherwise representing an obstacle to the full realisation of agglomeration economies.

Urban, Rural and Regional Development

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The present work investigates the relationship between municipal fragmentation and regional per capita GDP growth rate, using a panel of OECD TL2 regions in the period 1996-2011. According to the fiscal decentralisation literature, fragmentation should enhance growth as local government closer to citizens can implement policies that better match their needs, thus providing services and public goods in a more efficient way. The presence of many local governments, however, may create problems in terms of overlapping functions, (dis)economies of scale, and policy fragmentation. The results of the empirical analysis show that municipal fragmentation has a negative impact on per capita GDP growth, thus supporting the view that costs prevail on benefits. The introduction of regional territorial characteristic – namely, the share of population living in rural areas – provides a different picture, however. The negative impact of fragmentation decreases with the share of population living in rural areas. Indeed, in extremely “rural” regions the effect turns mildly positive. This is because the costs and benefits of fragmentation have a different weight in urban and rural regions. The key insight is the different distribution of the population over the territory: more concentrated in urban than in rural regions. This implies that, for a given level of municipal fragmentation overlapping of function is more severe in urban regions (where people are likely to commute over municipal boundaries) than in rural area. In the same vein, for the same level of municipal fragmentation access to the local government is more difficult in rural areas (where people is sparsely located within municipal boundaries) than in urban areas. The policy implications of the analysis are twofold. Firstly, reducing municipal fragmentation may have a heterogeneous impact within the country, thus raising concern for one-size-fits-all policies of municipal agglomeration in favour of a place-based approach to institutional reform. For instance, the principle guiding municipal amalgamation should not be the average municipal size at the country level, but it should be weighted for the rural/urban characteristics of each region. Secondly, the analysis suggests that processes of agglomeration of people should be accompanied by a consistent amalgamation of the local administration, otherwise representing an obstacle to the full realisation of agglomeration economies.

Urban, Rural and Regional Development

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Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering, held in Salt Lake City, Utah, July 19-22, 2015. Sponsored by the Cold Regions Engineering Division of ASCE. This collection contains 55 peer-reviewed papers addressing the challenges of developing and maintaining resilient infrastructure in cold climates. In addition to issues and solutions related to the built environment, the papers also provide a deeper understanding of the processes of freezing and thawing as they occur in the surrounding natural environment. This collection contains 55 peer-reviewed papers addressing the challenges of developing and maintaining resilient infrastructure in cold climates. In addition to issues and solutions related to the built environment, the papers also provide a deeper understanding of the processes of freezing and thawing as they occur in the surrounding natural environment. This proceedings will be of interest to engineers, researchers, and government officials working in all areas of civil engineering in cold regions across the world.

Transportation engineering --- Civil engineering --- Pavements --- Cold regions engineering --- Infrastructure resilience --- Cold region construction --- Urban and regional development --- Cold regions --- Freeze and thaw --- Buildings --- Salts --- Cold weather conditions

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Razvoj Slovenije in njenih regij je zaradi naraščajoče vpetosti v globalne tokove vse bolj odvisen od globalnih izzivov, kot so podnebne in demografske spremembe, mednarodne migracije, gospodarska kriza ... Medijska izpostavljenost teh izzivov daje vtis o vsesplošnem poznavanju njihove problematike, kar lahko predstavlja težavo pri izvajanju razvojnih politik, zlati če politike med posameznimi ravnmi niso usklajene. Kot sta pokazali kar dve študiji, jasno prepoznanih mednarodno relevantnih procesov na regionalni in lokalni ravni ne znamo ustrezno vstaviti v razvojne koncepte. To je lahko na eni strani posledica prevelike abstraktnosti in preveč teoretskega pristopa k reševanju mednarodno relevantnih tem, ali na drugi strani ozkosti lokalnih in regionalnih deležnikov, ki obremenjeni z lokalnimi problemi ne znajo prepoznati globalno pomembnih procesov. V knjigi tako obravnavamo globalne izzive in njihovo vlogo v regionalnem razvoju, s čimer želimo prispevati k razpravi, s katero bo mogoče na strokovno podprtih temeljih izoblikovati medsebojno usklajene ter potrebam prilagojene razvojne ukrepe.

collective volume --- developmental policy --- globalization --- regional development --- regional geography --- regional policy --- Slovenia --- globalizacija --- razvojna politika --- regionalna geografija --- regionalna politika --- regionalni razvoj --- Slovenija --- zborniki