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Romania identified competition as key to its effective economic development and is positioning the Competition Council to become more visible and effective. Improving Romania's competitive environment will attract new firms, weed out inefficient ones, and enhance growth potential. An effective competition policy leads to success in the areas of Romania's domestic market efficiency, economic growth and European market integration. Following a comprehensive functional review of the Romanian Competition Council carried out by the World Bank in 2010, weaknesses, needs and priorities were identified. This book presents the results of the World Bank's Advisory Services which were designed to provide solutions in the identified reform areas during 2012-2015. The Advisory Services provided an innovative delivery model that involved integrated expertise to (i) review the legal and regulatory framework for competition; (ii) offer advocacy support to streamline competition policy principles with other governmental policies and strengthen intergovernmental relations, especially with sectoral regulators (electricity and telecommunication) and the prosecutor's office; (iii) state-of-the-art capacity building to strengthen the Council's staff's technical knowledge; and (iv) optimize internal procedures to allow for improvements in institutional functioning using Enterprise Architecture methodology, which provided an in-depth institutional assessment and the development of a target business and information technology architecture. The Competition Council has started to apply some of the upgraded regulatory instruments. These, combined with the analytical skills in antitrust law and economics acquired with the World Bank support, have been already applied in recent antitrust cases, market inquiries meant to identify competition constraints in sectors that have great importance for consumers and infrastructure projects with state aid elements.

Competition --- Restraint of trade --- Economic development --- Romania --- Commerce.

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Monopolies --- National income --- Competition --- Net national product --- Flow of funds --- Gross national product --- Income --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Commercial corners --- Corners, Commercial --- Engrossing --- Forestalling --- Commercial crimes --- Trade regulation --- Monopolistic competition --- Monopsonies --- Restraint of trade --- Trusts, Industrial --- E-books

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This 2015 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. Special chapters cover sustaining the economic expansion and making growth more inclusive.

Economic history. --- New Zealand -- Economic conditions. --- New Zealand -- Economic policy. --- Law - Non-U.S. --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law - Europe, except U.K. --- Antitrust law --- Restraint of trade

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Economic law --- European Union --- Competition --- Network neutrality --- Internet --- Restraint of trade --- Combinations in restraint of trade --- Competition law --- Restrictive trade practices --- Trade, Restraint of --- Trade practices, Unfair --- Unfair trade practices --- Commercial crimes --- Trade regulation --- Monopolies --- Trusts, Industrial --- Cyberspace --- Competition (Economics) --- Competitiveness (Economics) --- Economic competition --- Commerce --- Conglomerate corporations --- Covenants not to compete --- Industrial concentration --- Open price system --- Supply and demand --- Law and legislation --- Economic aspects --- E-books --- Neutralité de l'Internet --- Concurrence --- Droit --- Restrictions --- Network neutrality - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- Competition - European Union countries --- Internet - Law and legislation - European Union countries --- Restraint of trade - European Union countries

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Les politiques de la protection de l’environnement des États membres de l’Union européenne donnent généralement lieu à des aides publiques. Elles tombent sous le coup des règles des traités constitutifs de l’Union interdisant par principe les aides d’État et organisant leur contrôle. De l’application de ces règles émerge un cadre juridique autonome qui soumet les politiques de la protection de l’environnement au respect de la libre concurrence.Le champ de ce cadre juridique dépend de la qualification des mesures de la protection de l’environnement au regard de la catégorie juridique d’aide d’État. Cette opération se réalise principalement au moyen d’éléments objectifs, certes imparfaits, mais révélant que seuls les instruments dits « économiques » de la protection de l’environnement sont soumis au contrôle des aides. La détermination précise du champ de la catégorie d’aide est toutefois hypothéquée par l’intervention périodique d’éléments subjectifs permettant aux institutions d’opérer des choix au stade de la qualification.La portée de ce cadre juridique doit être appréciée en rapport avec la législation environnementale de l’Union. En théorie, cette dernière pourrait être la source d’une harmonisation des conditions de concurrence dans le marché intérieur. Néanmoins, en pratique, son contenu concret déclenche l’application du droit des aides d’État, engendrant des relations complexes et parfois conflictuelles entre ces deux strates de règles, tandis que l’exercice extensif par la Commission de son pouvoir de définition du régime juridique des aides d’État produit une quasi-harmonisation du domaine environnemental.Cet ouvrage présente de façon analytique ce phénomène d’application du droit des aides d’État en le considérant comme un processus autonome de réglementation des politiques nationales de la protection de l’environnement par l’Union européenne.Il s’adresse aux universitaires, aux praticiens en droit de la concurrence, en droit de l’environnement et en droit fiscal, ainsi qu’aux magistrats.

Environmental law --- European Union --- Concurrence --- Économie de l'environnement --- Environnement --- Restrictions --- Droit européen. --- Protection --- Subventions --- Aspect économique --- Politique de l'environnement --- Droit européen --- Subsidies --- Government aid --- Environmental protection --- Antitrust law --- Aide de l'Etat --- Protection de l'environnement --- Economic aspects --- Aspect économique --- Droit --- EPUB-ALPHA-A EPUB-LIV-FT LIVDROIT STRADA-B --- Restraint of trade --- European Union countries --- Environmental economics --- E-books --- Économie de l'environnement. --- Politique de l'environnement. --- Aspect économique. --- Environnement -- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Droit européen et droit interne