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Transport accounts for nearly a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion. The price attached to these emissions is critical to climate policies and emissions mitigation efforts in the sector. As the impact of emissions on climate does not depend on where CO2 is released, the price of carbon should be uniform. In reality, however, it varies immensely, reflecting the complexity of assessing climate impacts. This report reviews the three key challenges in considering the effects of carbon dioxide emissions in economic appraisal: the valuation of carbon dioxide emissions, the treatment of uncertainty in climate change and the approach used to discounting future costs and benefits. The report reviews current approaches in selected countries (France, Germany, Japan, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) and provides examples of good practice and recommendations for national and international policy making.  

Transportation and state. --- Climate change mitigation --- Carbon dioxide mitigation --- Government policy. --- Atmospheric carbon dioxide mitigation --- Carbon dioxide capture --- Mitigation of carbon dioxide --- Pollution prevention --- Climate mitigation --- Climatic changes --- Climatic mitigation --- Mitigation of climate change --- Environmental protection --- State and transportation --- Transportation --- Transportation policy --- Mitigation --- Government policy --- Carbon dioxide --- Environmental aspects. --- Carbonic acid gas --- Carbonic anhydride --- Carbon compounds --- Oxides --- Public transportation --- Transport --- Transportation, Primitive --- Transportation companies --- Transportation industry --- Locomotion --- Commerce --- Communication and traffic --- Storage and moving trade --- Economic aspects

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It is clear that different types of the population's mobility have an impact on the transportation land use and thereby shape our living environment. According to the land cadastre data Slovenia has 465 km2 of transportation land use, which represents more than 2 % of the country's surface. The transportation land use areas are expanding in the last decade, although slower than other built-up areas. The transportation land use analysis on the state level indicates those areas of Slovenia, where the level of transportation land use has risen the most. These are areas with a new transportation infrastructure (roads, railroads), tourist and some other (sub)urbanized areas. The results have shown that local political and planning decision-making represents an important factor in the increase of the transportation land use in Slovene towns. Načini mobilnosti prebivalstva vplivajo na prometno rabo zemljišč in s tem oblikujejo prostor, v katerem živimo. Po podatkih zemljiškega katastra je v Sloveniji 465 km2 prometne rabe, kar predstavlja več kot polovico vseh pozidanih površin oziroma dobra 2 % celotne površine Slovenije. Prometna raba v zadnjem desetletju narašča, a počasneje kot ostala pozidana raba, kar morda nakazuje na večjo racionalnost poselitve v Sloveniji. Analiza prometne rabe na državni ravni kaže na območja, ki najbolj pridobivajo prometno rabo. To so območja z novo prometno infrastrukturo (ceste, železnice), pa tudi turistična ter nekatera (sub)urbanizirana območja. Rezultati kažejo, da so lokalne politične in načrtovalske odločitve zelo pomemben dejavnik rasti prometne rabe v slovenskih mestih.

Transportation --- Land use --- Transportation and state --- State and transportation --- Transportation policy --- Land --- Land utilization --- Use of land --- Utilization of land --- Economics --- Land cover --- Landscape assessment --- NIMBY syndrome --- Public transportation --- Transport --- Transportation, Primitive --- Transportation companies --- Transportation industry --- Locomotion --- Commerce --- Communication and traffic --- Storage and moving trade --- Government policy --- Economic aspects --- Slovenia --- Regional geography --- Transport planning & policy --- Social impact of environmental issues --- geography --- land use --- suburbs --- transport --- transport geography --- transportation infrastructure --- transportation land use --- geografija --- geografija prometa --- obmestja --- promet --- prometna infrastruktura --- prometna raba tal --- raba tal --- Slovenija

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This Brief examines the impact of the Oxford Transport Strategy in central Oxford as a means of assessing the effect of reduced traffic congestion in the city centre on its sustainability. Air pollution (from vehicular traffic) has been monitored at three locations in central Oxford on the High Street, St Aldates and St Ebbes (background monitoring station). There is a further monitoring site situated in East Oxford, but this one is not considered to be central. Based on long-term monitoring at these monitoring stations, a deliberation of urban sustainability is presented. Implications are considered for long-term planning and green design in particular is part of the discussion. More specifically, urban greening strategies are presented as (soft engineering) approaches to controlling air pollution problems at this urban location. In the context of low carbon cities, green walls are assessed as they affect urban greening and energy conservation, as they enhance insulation on the exterior of solid wall buildings. Urban sustainability is best monitored using decades of data rather than just years. The Oxford Transport Strategy (OTS) was implemented in central Oxford, UK in 2001 and now a record of at least a decade of monitoring data is available for such a longer-term assessment. This work revisits the OTS from long after its implementation in the Oxford city centre and specifically examines the impact of reduced traffic congestion on sustainability. This includes address of traffic congestion, air pollution (from vehicular or traffic pollution) and the effects on the urban environment, including buildings. In parallel to this, the role of urban vegetation is considered as a sink for a variety of pollutants. Green walls, as part of urban greening, have implications for low carbon cities in the context of urban heat islands and global warming.

Environment. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Environmental Health. --- Geography (general). --- Energy, general. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Environmental sciences. --- Geography. --- Environmental Medicine. --- Environmental protection. --- Sciences de l'environnement --- Géographie --- Environnement --- Protection --- Air -- Pollution -- England -- Oxford. --- Air quality management -- England -- Oxford. --- Automobiles -- Motors -- Exhaust gas -- England -- Oxford. --- Transportation and state -- England -- Oxford. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Environmental Sciences --- Transportation and state --- Air --- Automobiles --- Air quality management --- Pollution --- Motors --- Exhaust gas --- State and transportation --- Transportation --- Transportation policy --- Air pollution control --- Air quality --- Control of air pollution --- Autos (Automobiles) --- Cars (Automobiles) --- Gasoline automobiles --- Motorcars (Automobiles) --- Government policy --- Control --- Management --- Energy. --- Environmental health. --- Air pollution. --- Geography, general. --- Motor vehicles --- Transportation, Automotive --- Atmosphere --- Environmental protection --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Environmental monitoring. --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Contaminants, Air --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Atmospheric deposition --- Health --- Health ecology --- Public health --- Health risk assessment --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Health aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Force and energy. --- Conservation of energy --- Correlation of forces --- Energy --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Energy policy. --- Energy and state. --- Electric power production. --- Environmental Monitoring. --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management. --- Electrical Power Engineering. --- Mechanical Power Engineering. --- Electric power generation --- Electricity generation --- Power production, Electric --- Electric power systems --- Electrification --- Energy and state --- Power resources --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Energy conservation