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This book takes an in depth look at a novel methodology for analyzing Global Positioning System (GPS) data to obtain the highest possible resolution surface imaging of tectonic deformation sources without prescribing the nature of either the sources or the subsurface medium. GPS methods are widely used to track the surface expression of crustal deformation at tectonic plate boundaries, and are typically expressed in terms of velocity fields or strain rate fields. Vertical derivatives of horizontal stress (VDoHS) rates at the Earth’s surface can also be derived from GPS velocities, and VDoHS rates provide much higher resolution information about subsurface deformation sources than velocities or strain rates. In particular, VDoHS rates allow for high precision estimates of fault dips, slip rates and locking depths, as well as objective characterization of previously unknown (or hidden) tectonic deformation zones.

Earth Sciences. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Natural Hazards. --- Mathematical Applications in the Physical Sciences. --- Geography. --- Physical geography. --- Geology. --- Géographie --- Géographie physique --- Géologie --- Geology, Structural. --- Imaging systems in geology. --- Plate tectonics -- Research. --- Cosmic Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Plate tectonics --- Research. --- Geological imaging systems --- Geotectonics --- Structural geology --- Tectonics (Geology) --- Tectonics, Plate --- Earth sciences. --- Geophysics. --- Natural disasters. --- Mathematical physics. --- Geology --- Physical geology --- Geodynamics --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Geography --- Physical mathematics --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Mathematics

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South American ecosystems suffered one of the greatest biogeographical events, after the establishment of the Panamian land bridge, called the “Great American Biotic Interchange” (GABI). This refers to the exchange, in several phases, of land mammals between the Americas; this event started during the late Miocene with the appearance of the Holartic Procyonidae (Huayquerian Age) in South America and continues today. The major phases of mammalian dispersal occurred from the Latest Pliocene (Marplatan Age) to the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian Age). The most important and richest localities of Late Miocene-Holocene fossil vertebrates of South America are those of the Pampean region of Argentina. There are also several Late Miocene and Pliocene localities in western Argentina and Bolivia. Other important fossils have been collected in localities of Pleistocene age outside Argentina: Tarija (Bolivia), karstic caves of Lagoa Santa and the recently explored caves of Tocantins (Brasil), Talara (Perú), La Carolina (Ecuador), Muaco (Venezuela), and Cueva del Milodon (Chile), among others. The book discusses basic information for interpreting the GABI such as taxonomic composition (incorporating the latest revisions) at classical and new localities for each stage addressing climate, environments, and time boundaries for each stage. It includes the chronology and dynamics of the GABI, the integration of South American mammalian faunas through time, the Quaternary mammalian extinctions and the composition of recent mammalian fauna of the continent.

Earth Sciences. --- Paleontology. --- Biogeosciences. --- Historical Geology. --- Geography. --- Life sciences. --- Geology. --- Géographie --- Sciences de la vie --- Géologie --- Paléontologie --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Paleontology --- Paleobiogeography --- Plate tectonics --- Evolution (Biology) --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Tectonics, Plate --- Geographical distribution of fossil animals and plants --- Evolution --- Earth sciences. --- Historical geology. --- Geobiology. --- Biology --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Geodynamics --- Biogeography --- Paleontology . --- Fossilogy --- Fossilology --- Palaeontology --- Paleontology, Zoological --- Paleozoology --- Historical geology --- Zoology --- Fossils --- Prehistoric animals in motion pictures --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Biosphere