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In Europa behoort zware smog, die in steden als Beijing zorgt voor enorme gezondheidsschade, tot het verleden dankzij centrale verwarming en schoorsteenfilters. Toch stijgen in Zuid-Nederland en Vlaanderen de concentraties fijnstof, ozon en stikstofdioxiden nog regelmatig boven de norm. Smog in Nederland is vaak zomersmog. Op zonnige, windstille dagen werkt zonlicht in op luchtvervuiling, waarbij ozon ontstaat dat de longen prikkelt. Dankzij een uitgebreid meetnet kan iedereen via internet of apps zien of de lucht in de omgeving schoon is. In Eindhoven en Amsterdam zelfs op wijkniveau. Schonere lucht is het eenvoudigst te realiseren door uitstoot te voorkomen. Via isolatie en energiebesparing, door gebruik van wind- en zonne-energie, maar ook door elektrisch te rijden. En als dat nog niet haalbaar is, kunnen filters en katalysators uitstoot reduceren. Je vindt ze niet alleen op uitlaten, maar ook op stallen: in Nederland is de landbouw een belangrijke bron van fijnstof en ammoniak. In deze Chemische Feitelijkheid.


Chemistry --- smog --- luchtverontreiniging

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This thesis presents research focusing on the improvement of high-resolution global black carbon (BC) emission inventory and application in assessing the population exposure to ambient BC. A particular focus of the thesis is on the construction of a high-resolution (both spatial and sectorial) fuel consumption database, which is used to develop the emission inventory of black carbon. Above all, the author updates the global emission inventory of black carbon, a resource subsequently used to study the atmospheric transport of black carbon over Asia with the help of a high-resolution nested model. The thesis demonstrates that spatial bias in fuel consumption and BC emissions can be reduced by means of the sub-national disaggregation approach. Using the inventory and nested model, ambient BC concentrations can be better validated against observations. Lastly, it provides a complete uncertainty analysis of global black carbon emissions, and this uncertainty is taken into account in the atmospheric modeling, helping to better understand the role of black carbon in regional and global air pollution.

Nature protection --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Air pollution. Air purification --- atmosfeerchemie --- atmosfeerfysica --- metrologie --- luchtverontreiniging --- atmosfeer --- klimaatverandering

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This book provides a unique overview of research methods over the past 25 years assessing critical loads and temporal effects of the deposition of air pollutants. It includes critical load methods and applications addressing acidification, eutrophication and heavy metal pollution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Applications include examples for each air pollution threat, both at local and regional scale, including Europe, Asia, Canada and the US. The book starts with background information on the effects of the deposition of sulphur, nitrogen and heavy metals and geochemical and biological indicators for risk assessments. The use of those indicators is then illustrated in the assessment of critical loads and their exceedances and in the temporal assessment of air pollution risks. It also includes the most recent developments of assessing critical loads and current and future risks of soil and water chemistry and biodiversity under climate change, with a special focus on nitrogen. The book thus provides a complete overview of the knowledge that is currently used for the scientific support of policies in the field of air pollution control to protect ecosystem services.

Nature protection --- Mathematics --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Biogeography --- General ecology and biosociology --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- geobiologie --- milieuchemie --- milieukunde --- biogeografie --- luchtverontreiniging --- wiskunde --- milieutechnologie

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This book offers a detailed presentation of the principles and practice of life cycle impact assessment. As a volume of the LCA compendium, the book is structured according to the LCIA framework developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)passing through the phases of definition or selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterisation models (Classification): calculation of category indicator results (Characterisation); calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference information (Normalisation); and converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numerical factors based on value-choices (Weighting). Chapter one offers a historical overview of the development of life cycle impact assessment and presents the boundary conditions and the general principles and constraints of characterisation modelling in LCA. The second chapter outlines the considerations underlying the selection of impact categories and the classification or assignment of inventory flows into these categories. Chapters three through thirteen exploreall the impact categories that are commonly included in LCIA, discussing the characteristics of each followed by a review of midpoint and endpoint characterisation methods, metrics, uncertainties and new developments, and a discussion of research needs. Chapter-length treatment is accorded to Climate Change; Stratospheric Ozone Depletion; Human Toxicity; Particulate Matter Formation; Photochemical Ozone Formation; Ecotoxicity; Acidification; Eutrophication; Land Use; Water Use; and Abiotic Resource Use. The final two chapters map out the optional LCIA steps of Normalisation and Weighting.

Nature protection --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Production management --- Biotechnology --- ecotoxicologie --- biotechnologie --- luchtverontreiniging --- milieubeleid --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- milieutechnologie --- bindingen (chemie) --- vervuiling

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Focusing on air pollution, energy efficiency and climate change, this book provides a unique introduction to Japan’s environmental policies and regulations, and offers economic analyses and RIAs (Regulatory Impact Analysis) of environmental regulations implemented or planned by the national and local governments. The book reviews environmental economics and outlines the current status of RIAs in Japan, and it analyzes the NOx-PM Act, which prohibits the use of old and polluting vehicles in metropolitan areas. It also examines a Tokyo metropolitan government regulation which requires installation of pollution control equipment in older trucks that fail to meet emission standards. The impact of the NOx-PM Act on the used car market and used vehicle exports, are traced. An economic analysis of a highway toll reduction is also presented, revealing an unexpected negative social impact: it increased traffic congestion and associated environmental problems. Furthermore it addresses policies and regulations related to energy efficiency and climate change; it evaluates the effectiveness of Japan’s Energy Conservation Act, originally introduced in 1979 and amended numerous times to address climate change. The impact of a proposed economy-wide carbon tax, using input-output analysis to assess short-term economic impacts in each sector is anticipated as well. Also presented here is an examination of the effectiveness of a reduced carbon tax for energy-intensive industries, with a discussion of the impact of the proposal on households. Finally the book discusses the role and limitations of economic models for evaluating Japan’s mid-term GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission target during the post-Kyoto period. This is the first book to evaluate Japanese environmental policies from an economic perspective, using a variety of current quantitative approaches. Its findings and suggestions will benefit students, policy makers and government officials in developing and developed countries where the public faces similar environmental problems.

Economics --- Nature protection --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Relation between energy and economics --- Air pollution. Air purification --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Transport. Traffic --- energiebeheer (technologie) --- vrachtwagens --- energiemanagement (economie) --- energiebeleid --- energie-economie --- economie --- luchtverontreiniging --- milieuzorg --- transport --- klimaatverandering --- broeikaseffect